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1、Classification,There are two major types of articulations or joint. 一Continuous joints 直接连结 1.Fibrous joints 纤维连结: bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝 2.Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilage Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合: bones are united by hyaline cart
2、ilage Symphysis 纤维软骨联合: bones are united by fibrocartilage 3.Synosteosis 骨性结合 二Discontinuous joints 间接连结synovial joints 滑膜关节,Synovial joints 滑膜关节,1.Basic structures Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨 Articular capsule 关节囊 Fibrous membrane纤维膜 Synovial membrane 滑膜 Articular cavi
3、ty关节腔: containing synovial fluid; negative pressure in it,2.Accessory structures Ligaments韧带(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带 Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum 关节唇: Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊,Terms movements of joints,Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸,在足部屈称为跖
4、屈, 伸称为背屈,Adduction and abduction 收和展,Classification of synovial joints关节的分类,Uniaxial joints单轴关节: hinge joints 屈戍关节 trochoid (pivot) joints车轴关节 Biaxial joints双轴关节: ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节 saddle joints 鞍状关节 Multiaxial joints多轴关节: ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节 plane joints 平面关节,Articulations of Bones of Tr
5、unk躯干骨的连结, The vertebral column脊柱 Composition:consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.,1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结,Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, gelatinous胶状的, highly elastic structure Annulus f
6、ibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage纤维软骨,Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出,Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带,Position:Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 fu
7、nction:prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column and anterior protrusion of the discs Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带 Position: Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacral canal. function:Prevents hyper
8、flexion of the vertebral column,2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结,Ligamenta flava 黄韧带 Position:unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal function: prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column. Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带 Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带 Lig
9、amentum nuchae项韧带 Intertransverse ligament横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节,下部肋椎关节 （后面观）,3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节,composition:superior articular fovea of atlas and occipital condyles ligament: 寰枕前膜 寰枕后膜,3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节,Action 头部作前屈后伸,侧屈运动.,4.Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节,Three synovial jo
10、ints between atlas and axis 寰枢外侧关节 寰枢正中关节 ligaments: apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带 alar ligament 翼状韧带 transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆膜 Action 使头部连同寰椎进行旋转运动.,Normal Curves of vertebral column,Cervical curvature颈曲 convex forward Thoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvat
11、ure腰曲 convex forward Sacral curvature骶曲 convex backward Movement of the vertebral column flexion extension lateral flexion rotation,Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂,Thoracic cage 胸廓,Composition Bones consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs , sternum and their joints.,Joints 1.Costoverteb
12、ral joints 肋椎关节 Joints of costal head 肋头关节 Costotransverse joints 肋横突关节 2.肋软骨与胸骨的连结 Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib 第一胸肋结合 Sternocostal joints胸肋关节: Interchondral joints软骨间关节: costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 fuse with each other ,the common cartilage of these ribs unite with 7 costal cartilage
13、 to form the costal arch肋弓,General features of thoracic cage,Is conical in shape, transverse diameter is long,anteroposterior diameter is short, narrow above and broad below. Inlet of thorax胸廓上口: bounded by upper border of manubrium, the first pair of ribs, and vertebra T1 Outlet of thorax胸廓下口: boun
14、ded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process Infrasternal angle胸骨下角: formed by the costal arch of both side Intercostal spaces肋间隙: lie between the ribs,11pairs.,Function: protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; plays a vital role in the proc
15、ess of breathing,Inspiration,Expiration,Joints of skull 颅骨的连结,Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis,Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节,composition: Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above Head of mandibule, below feature: Capsule: thin and lax in front and medial wallstrengthene
16、d by the lateral ligament 外侧韧带 Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted and lateral movement is permitted.,Teaching outline,1.Master the essential structure, accessory structure. 2.Master the shape, structure of the intervertebral discs, the position and function of the anterior, posterior longitudinal ligaments,the position and function of the ligamenta flava.
