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1、Computer English,Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers,1,Key points: useful terms and definitions of computersDifficult points: describing the features of computers of each generation,2,计算机专业英语,Requirements:,1. The trends of computer hardware and software,2. Basic characteristics of modern c
2、omputers,3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers,4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点,3,计算机专业英语,New Words it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机，或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极其庞大，重
3、达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,7,计算机专业英语,1.1.1 The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches a
4、nd plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer . ENIAC是当时重要的成就。它是第一台通用型电子计算机器，并能够执行每秒数千次运算。然而,它是由开关和继电器控制的，必须手工设定。 因此，虽然它是一个通用型电子装置，但是它没有储存程序。 因此,它不具备计
5、算机的所有特征。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,8,计算机专业英语,1.1.1 The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automat
6、ic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入到 Eckert和Mauchly团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机, 或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到1951年，它一直没有完成。,1.1 The I
7、nvention of the Computer,9,计算机专业英语,1.1.1 The ENIAC Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge,
8、England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在EDVAC完成之前
9、，其他一些机器建成了，它们吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,10,计算机专业英语,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC I Like other computing pioneers before
10、them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to se
11、ll the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer. 像他们之前的其他计算机先驱一样,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年组成了一家公司开发商业计算机。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly计算机公司。他们的目标
12、是设计并建造通用自动计算机或UNIVAC。因为难以获得财政支持，他们不得不在1950年把公司卖给了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly继续在Remington Rand公司从事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。众所周知的UNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。,11,计算机专业英语,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC I The first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 cens
13、us. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一台UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票点关闭后1小时之内，第二台UNIVAC I 被用于预测D.艾森豪威尔会赢得1952年总统大选。UNIVAC I开始了现代计算机的应用。
14、,12,计算机专业英语,New Words result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need for air conditioning. 作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片(芯片)。一个集成电路代替了计算机中的许多晶体管，导致了始于第二代的一些趋势的继续。这些趋势包括计
15、算机体积减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。,21,计算机专业英语,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe computers ca
16、lled the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers. 虽然集成电路发明于1958年,但是直
