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1、 Chapter 1 Plant Breeding Historical Perspective 第一章 植物育种学发展史 Contents 主要 容内1. Importance of studying history 研究历史的重要性2. The earliest steps in plant breeding早期的植物育种3. Plant breeding following hybridization 杂交后的植物育种4. Plant breeding until 1900 二十世纪前的植物育种5. The work of Mendel 孟德尔的工作6. Overview of plan
2、t breeding developments before 1900二十世纪前的植物育种进展回顾7. Plant breeding about 1900 1900年左右的植物育种 1. Importance of studying history研究历史的重要性A. Historical development is an integral part of understanding modern plant breeding 发展历史是理解现代植物育种的重要组成部分B. To ignore the past likes to move blindly into the future忽视过去
3、意味着摸黑前进 C. History can provide vision, and “Where there is no vision, the people perish” 历史能为我们提供愿景，“没有愿景的民族是没有希望的”D. History can enrich the imagination of the plant breeder历史能丰富植物育种学家的想象力 2. The earliest steps in plant breeding 早期的植物育种Characters 特点A. Unconscious: seeds shatter, dormancy无意识：种子散落、休眠B
4、. An art other than a science是艺术而不是科学 Southeast Asia 东南亚A. 13,000 B.C., domesticated plants occurred公元前13,000年，驯养植物出现B. 10,000 B.C., advanced knowledge accumulated公元前10,000年，有关先进知识积累。东南亚人已掌握水稻、豌豆、蚕豆、大豆的驯化栽培。 Europe 欧洲9000 7000 B.C., wheat, barley, oat and millet were planted公元前9000-7000年，小麦、大麦、燕麦和 种
5、植 South central Mexico 南 6700 5000 B.C., squash, avocados and maize were domesticated.公元前6700-5000年，南 、 和 驯化。 China 1115 1077 B.C., seed selection was recorded in the book in China. Domestication and Cultivation 驯化 栽培A. Domestication: genetic changes to suit human needs and environment驯化： 组成发 化， 人 的
6、 要和栽培B. Cultivation: human efforts to care for plants 栽培：是 人 顾植物的 C. Wild plants may be cultivated without being domesticated植物不 驯化 栽培 3. Plant breeding following hybridization杂交出现后的植物育种A. Pollination was practiced but as an empirical empirikl process已 作物的杂交，是currency1 进“。currency1Artificial Pollina
7、tion of palm was performed by Arabian in 2400 B.C.公元前2400年，阿拉伯人最早进行了棕榈的人工有性杂交。 B. Understanding about the sex of plants was very limited 植物性的解fifl 有。公元前371年-23年间，人们对有性繁殖有了一定认识。 4. Plant breeding until 1900 二十世纪前的植物育种A. Pollen is indispensable to fertilization and seed development 和种子发育是不的B. Flowers
8、were reproductive organs: pistil as female organ, stamens as male organ, pollen as seed. (Nehemiah Grew,1628-1711)为 ”：为 性”，为 性”，为种子C. Koelreuter (1733-1806) systematically investigated plant hybridizationwith cotton and tobacco.Koelreuter研究植物的杂交：和D. 1717, interspecific cross was carried out进“种杂交 E.
9、Plant classification system was created according to the characteristics of stamens and pistils 和的特 为要 ，植物的分 为“性”F. In this system, a broad grouping was called class, and then order, family, genus, species ， 大的 为 ， 是 、科、 、种 G. Self- and cross-fertilized plants were identified 和 植物 H. The importance
10、of segregation in the F2 generation was ignoredF2代分的重要性 忽 I. Superior F1 progeny were asexually propagated F1后代 无性 的J. Cell nucleus, protoplasm, chromosome were found, and Cell theory was posed. 、 、 发现，提出 学 5. The work of Mendel 孟德尔的工作A. Dominant traits were discovered, but the segregating ratio of
11、F2 population was not checked. (Thomas Knight)性性 发现，F2代 的分 没有 B. The whole parental complement rather than a specific traits were studied研究 的 性，而没有研究单 特 性 C. These two problems were left to Mendel两 问题就留给孟德尔 D. The fundamental laws of inheritance of Mendel was published in 1865 and re-found in 1900孟德
12、尔1865年发表 学基 律（分和独分配则），1900年 重新发现E. The pure art era of plant breeding was replaced by scientific principles based on genetics植物育种学纯粹作为艺术的时代 学为基础的科学时代所取代 6. Overview of plant breeding developments before 1900二十世纪前植物育种学发展回顾A. Hybridization in plants was discouraged by religious and social forces植物杂交的进
13、“ 到宗教和社会力量的阻挠B. The heterogeneous nature of existing species discouraged crosses现有物种杂 性的特点 妨碍杂交的进“C. Absence of genetics knowledge缺 学知识 7. Plant breeding about 1900 1900年前后的植物育种A. Realization of origin of the pure line 纯起源的认识(Johannsen 1903年提出纯学 )B. Development of breeding systems for self-fertilize
14、d cross-fertilized crops 作物和 作物的育种C. Selection methods were developed: centgener and pedigree选择：百株和谱 (选择从杂种的第一次分离世代开始，其后各代以入选单株为单位分系种植，经过连续多代单株选择直至株系的性状稳定一致，才将入选株系混收为新品系) Exercise 思考题What is the importance of studying the developmental history of plant breeding?植物育 展 史的重要性是什 ？学习 种学发 历 么What is the difference between domestication and cultivation?化和栽培有什 ？驯 么区别
