too…to”结构的用法与理解精

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1、“tooto”结构的用法与理解(精) 作者: 日期:“tooto”结构的用法与理解宁县二中 魏阿荣“tooto”结构在英语教学中经常出现,是一个很常见的英语表达句式。此结构在形式上是肯定的,但在意义上却是否定的,再加上它有多种不同表达形式,学生很难完全掌握,因而也是英语教学中的一个难点。以下是中学课本中的几个例句:1.Its too heavy to carry. Please ask somebody to help us. (这太重了,我们搬不动,请叫人来帮帮我们。) 2.Its never too old to learn.(活到老,学到老。)3.He is too young to g

2、o to school.( 他太小了,不能去上学。)4.He slowed down after a while,fearing that he was getting too near to be safe.(隔了一会儿,他慢了下来,生怕太靠近了不安全。)5.My brother is too young to look after himself.(我的弟弟太小了,不能照顾自己。)就在这几个简单的句子中,“tooto”结构的用法都不尽相同,让我们来探讨对这个结构的理解和运用。首先,要搞清这个结构中各个部分的意义和关系。在“tooto”结构中,too 的意思是:“ in a higher d

3、egree than is admissible or desirable for a purpose”,即“超过了做某事所能允许或所需要的程度。”而其中的不定式则表示其结果或程度,作状语,修饰too。整个结构的意思是“太以致不能”。当然,这只是其基本意思,翻译时要根据上下文灵活处理。这种基本结构还有其他几种不同情况。现逐一举例说明:一 基本形式:too+adj. / adv.+to do .其中“to do” 修饰“too+adj. / adv.” 作为结果状语或程度状语。“to do”通常包含否定意义。For example: 1 The problem is too hard for a

4、 child to understand.(问题太难了,小孩子不能理解。)2 Examples are too many to cite.(例子太多,举不胜举。)3 Its too cold to go in the sea yet.(天太冷,还不能下海。)4 Its too long a journey to make in one day.(路程太远,一天之内到不了。)5 Its too good an opportunity to miss.(那是一个不应该错过的极好机会。)6 Its too early for us to go yet.(我们现在就去太早了点。)7 Its too c

5、old to go swimming.(天气太冷,不能去游泳。)8 He is too much of a coward(too cowardly) to fight.(他太懦弱,不敢抗争。)9 Its too late to shut the stable door when the steed is stolen.(贼去关门,为时已晚。)Lying in the pool of blood,she was too week to speak.(她躺在血泊里,虚弱得说不出话来。) 上述例句中,有的主语和不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系(即句子的主语在逻辑上是不定式的宾语),有的则没有这种关系。如果存

6、在这种动宾关系,句子的不定式用主动语态或被动语态在意义上常无多少差别。当然,如果不定式采用被动语态,这种逻辑上的动宾关系就变成了逻辑上的主谓关系了。For example:1 Atoms are too small to see(or be seen)with naked eyes.(原子太小,肉眼看不见。)2 Its too hot to eat(or to be eaten).(太烫了,没法吃。)3 The light is too dim to be used for close work.(这灯太暗,不能用来做细活。)4 That was too complicated to be e

7、xpressed clearly in one or tow words.(那太复杂了,无法用一、两句话表达清楚。)那究竟什么情况下用主动语态,什么情况下用被动语态呢?一般来说,哪种形式表意更清楚、更自然、更符合习惯,则取哪种形式。For example:1.Novels in the original are too difficult to read.(主动语态)(原版小说太难读了。)2.At that time he was too far away to be seen.(被动语态)(那时,他离得太远,看不到他。)以上这两个例句中的语态调换一下,则会引起意思不清或不自然。二 当“too

8、 to”结构之前加了not,only,but,all,never等词时, “ tooto”结构构成的句子也无否定意义。此时too后的形容词多为表示心情的形容词。因为,在此情况下,这些词加too在意义上相当于 very。For example:1.One is never too old to learn.(活到老,学到老。)2.Swimming is not too difficult to learn.(游泳并不十分难学。)3.We are only too pleased to go with her.(我们非常乐意和她一起去。)4.Mary knew but too well to ho

9、ld her tongue on that occasion.(玛丽深知在那种场合少说为妙。) 5.Its never too late to mend.(亡羊补牢,犹未为晚。)6.They are all too satisfied to follow others suit without the pain of thought for themselves.(他们十分满足于依样画葫芦,自己不肯花力气、动脑筋。)上面所提到的这些词只能和某些形容词或副词连用,用在“tooto”结构中,不能生搬硬套句型。如下面例句:He is too cruel to sympathy for others.

10、(他太残忍了,对人不会有同情心。)此例句中,在too cruel 之前不能添加only,but 之类的词,否则会引起逻辑上的自相矛盾。He is only too lazy to do it himself.(他太懒了,哪会自己去干那种事。)其中的only也属误用,应该去掉。由此可见,能否在too 之前加上诸如only,but 等词,关键是too 之后的形容词的意义。常用的形容词有glad,pleased,willing,thankful,good,true等等。1.At another time I learned that no matter was too small to escape

11、 the Prime Ministers attention.(另一次,我发现,事无巨细,总理事事关心。) 2.He was an all-round genius. Nothing was too difficult for him to learn.(他多才多艺,没有他学不会的东西。)3.The question was so easy. No one in the world was too foolish to answer it.(这个问题如此容易,不至于有谁蠢得答不上来。)三 此机构与ready,anxious,inclimed,apt,easy,eager,willing,hap

12、py 这一类词连用时,也不再含有否定意义。 too不再只和to do 发生关系,而是修饰too 之后的整个部分了。For example :1.The old women was too ready to talk.(那位老妇人太饶舌。)2.He is too ready to find fault.(他最喜欢挑毛病。)2.The tradesman was too anxious to sell his pens.(这位买卖人十分急于卖掉他的钢笔。)4.He was too willing to accept Marys invitation.(玛丽的邀请他求之不得。)5.Beginners

13、 are too apt to make mistakes here.(初学者特别容易在这儿搞错。)从这些例句中,我们不难发现,too 不仅没有使句子产生否定意义,相反,它还起了某种强调作用,使之成为一种加强语气的结构。这在教学中要引起注意。四、在“tooto”结构中,to do前用 not加以否定。“ tooto”结构通常已含有否定意义,在其中加上not后便形成了“双重否定为肯定”。这样,“ toonot to do”所表达的意思就是:“如此是会”,或“如此哪能不”。For example:1.He was too angry not to criticize her.(他太生气了,哪能不批

14、评她。)2.The poem is far too beautiful not to be requited here.(这首诗太美了,这里还要引用一下。)3.His experience there was too bitter not to be remembered.(他在那里的经历太惨了,不容他记不得。)4.Mr.Holmes was too wise not to see the tricks of the criminals.(福尔摩斯先生如此精明,岂能看不出罪犯玩弄的花招。)5.Tom is too hard-working not to pass the exam.(汤姆这么用

15、功,哪有考不及格的道理。)6.He read too many books about Africa not to known something about the social customs there.(他读了那么多有关非洲的书,不会不对哪儿的社会习俗有所了解。)五“Tooto”与 “enough to”和“ sothat”的区别:“tooto”结构与“enough to”和“ sothat”,它们间有共同点,也有不同点。1.共同点: A. 它们都可做结果状语或程度状语。For example:1)A train was coming near quickly,and the boy was too frightened to move.(一列火车快速驶近,那个男孩子吓得不敢动了。)2)When we talk about the

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