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1、TPO全部指代题 作者： 日期：1-1As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there.6.The word “they” in the passage refers to valleys treesheightsridges由于山谷中积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长，树木
2、往往在山脊上长得更高，即便是生长在大风和贫瘠的土地里。1-2But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, an
3、d thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns. 5. The word “this” in the passage refers to the acting out of ritesthe divorce of ritual performers from the rest of societythe separation of myths from ritesthe celebration o
4、f supernatural forces不过在这些仪式中发展起来的神话故事继续在人们的口头流传，甚至可能脱离了仪式而被演绎着。这时侯，戏剧做为一种自发的活动迈出了自己的第一步，接着，戏剧的娱乐和审美价值开始渐渐取代先前的带有神话色彩的、在社会上灵验的关注。1-3For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was alwa
5、ys laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. 5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to fast riversglaciersthe huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingthe particles carried in water from melting glaciers比如，冰河时代覆盖
6、北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，大量水从那儿流出。水里总会携带些石子、砾石和沙石，这就是所谓的冰河期的冰水沉积，这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀。2-2It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land. 5. The word “It” in the passage refers toPakicetusfishlifeocean有人认为Pak
7、icifus靠吃浅水的鱼类为生，未能适应在辽阔的大海里生活。它们很有可能在陆地进行生育繁殖。6-3A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on th
8、e fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful. This view is supported by a va
9、riety of factors that can create mismatches between very young childrens encoding and older childrens and adults retrieval efforts.9. The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief thatthe ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving p
10、rocessthe process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infantsinfants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of informationinfants encode information in the same way older children and adults do第三种可能的解释认为婴
11、幼儿健忘症与婴儿储存信息的方式和成年后进行回忆的方式不相容有关。人们是否能够回忆起一件事情的关键在于这两种方式的匹配程度。两种方式越匹配，越有助于人们成功回忆之前发生的事情。事实上，很多因素会导致婴幼儿储存信息的方式和成年人进行回忆的方式不匹配。9-3Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. Thi
12、s was a wonderful biological invention.7. The word “This” in the passage refers to the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii the creation of the Hawaiian Islands the evolution of ferns the development of plants that produce seeds在蕨类植物进化了好几百万年之后（不过，还是远在夏威夷群岛出现之前）另一种植物开始在地球上进化：种子植物。这是一次惊人的生物进化10-1Pots
13、played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.12. The word “these” in the passage refers to religious ceremonie
14、s descriptions types of ware pots壶罐在一些宗教仪式上也有着重要的地位。壶罐上有很多长篇的关于不同类型的壶罐的并且通常是抒情性的描述可以帮助我们对其进行分类，虽然这些描述有时候使一幅已经大而复杂的画面显得凌乱。11-1Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared
15、 courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.7. The word “they” in the passage refers to statues gateways temples pillared courts有些雕塑也被放置在建筑系列中，比如说，塔门（神殿通道入口的纪念碑）的正前方，和支柱结构法庭中的支柱对面或者两柱之间正是这种正面展示方式让这些雕塑都与周围的建筑环境相得益彰。13-2Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordi
