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1、Division One,Greek Culture and Roman Culture,I. Greek Culture,1. Historical context 2. Social and political structure 3. Homer 4. Lyric poetry 5. Drama 6. History 7. Philosophy and science 8. Art, architecture, sculpture and pottery 9. Impact,1. Historical context,War between Greece and Troy in abou
2、t 1,200 B. C. Greek culture in the 5th century B. C. Civil war between Athens and Sparta Rule of Alexander in the 4th century B. C. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.,Trojan War 特洛伊战争,In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey by Homer About 1,200 B. C. War between Greece and Troy Fought ove
3、r the beautiful Helen Lasted for 10 years Trojan horse, Laocoon(p33) Troy defeated,Greece and Troy,Rule of Alexander,Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336323 BC)马其顿, ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece Alexander fighting Persian king,2. Social and political structure,Democracy “
4、exercise of power by the whole people”, the adult male citizens Economyslave labor Sports Olympus MountOlympic Games, revived in 1896,3. Homer,Homer (around 7th century B.C.) , author of the ancient Greek epicsIliad and Odysseythe Trojan War in around 1200 B.C.荷马史诗，伊利亚特与奥德赛，特洛伊战争 The United States a
5、lone owes so much to the Greeks. The Iliad and the Odyssey are believed to have been major parts of a young Greeks education, and today we see these great works incorporated into the curriculum of almost every high school in America.,4. Lyric poetry,Sappho (about 612-580 B. C.)萨福 Woman poet of Lesbo
6、s, love poems, the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece Pindar-Greek lyric poet 品达 Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved, and some critics since antiquity have regarded him as the greatest.,5. Drama,Introduction to Greek Drama a. A
7、eschylus b. Sophocles c. Euripides d. Comedy,Introduction to Greek Drama,Ancient Greeks performed plays at religious festivals. Drama developed in the 5th century B.C. Open-air theatres, stone benches, looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks,a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) 埃斯库罗斯,Th
8、e “Father of Tragedy” , one of the three great ancient Greek tragedians古希腊悲剧作家 Said to have written over ninety plays, only seven have survived. Two actors and a chorus, written in verse, vivid characters, and majestic poetry Prometheus Bound被缚的普罗米修斯 Persians, the oldest surviving play in history Ag
9、amemnon p15,Prometheus Bound,Based on the myth of Prometheus, a titan泰坦神族人 who gave the gift of fire to mortals and was punished by the god Zeus.,b. Sophocles(496-406 B.C.),Second of the three great tragedians of classical Athens 索福克勒斯 One of the great innovators of the theatre, he was the first to
10、add a third actor, and decreased the size of the chorus 123 or more plays, only seven survived Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王 Strong impact on European literature “the Oedipus complex”俄狄浦斯情节,c. Euripides (484-406 B.C.) 欧里庇得斯,Third of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the first writer of “proble
11、m plays”社会问题剧 95 plays, 18 have survived complete More of a realist, strong women characters, ordinary people, concerned with conflicts-origin of realism Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women,Andromache The Trojan Women,During the Trojan War, Andromaches husband Hector was slain by Achilles. Their child A
12、styanax was dropped off the Trojan walls by the Greeks for fear that he would grow up and avenge his father and city. Andromache was made a slave of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.,Andromache,d. Comedy,Flourished in the 5th century B.C. Aristophanes (阿里斯托芬 450-380 B. C.), ancient Greek Comic dramatist
13、, the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy古希腊喜剧代表作家 11 plays: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, Birds Loose plot, satirical tone, clever parody, acute criticism, contemporary events, coarse language,6. History-Herodotus,The Greek historical writing writes mainly about warsHerodotus and Thucydides 希
14、罗多德(484-430 B.C.), Ancient Greek historian, “Father of History” 古希腊历史学家，“历史之父” Almost exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his inquiries into the origins of the Greco-Persian 历史 Wars which occurred in 490 and 479 B. C.,HistoryThucydides (about 460-404 B. C.)修昔底德,Ancient Greek his
15、torian古希腊历史学家 Author of the History of the Peloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争史, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 B.C. Thucydides is considered by many to be a scientific historian because of his efforts in his History to describe the human world in terms of cause
16、 and effect, his strict standards of gathering evidence, and his neglect of the gods in explaining the events of the past.,7. Philosophy and science,Introduction a. Socrates b. Plato c. Aristotle d. Contending Schools of Thought e. Science,Introduction,The ancient Greeks curiosity about things, free enquiry, imagination The Pre-Socrates Greek Philosophers Pythagoras 毕达哥斯 Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 Democritus 德莫克里特,Pythagoras 毕达哥斯,A bold thinker, founder of scientific mathematics,
