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1、学 海 无 涯 1 Chapter 1 . Structural Mechanics 结构力学 1.1 Classification and Behavior of Structural Systems and Elements 系统结构和元素的分类和作用 1.2 Determinate and Indeterminate Structures 静定和超静定结构 1.3 Structural Dynamics 结构动力学 Chapter 2. Structural Material 土木工程材料 2.1 Materials for Concrete and Mix Proportion 砼材料
2、及配比 2.2 Properties of Concrete 砼的性能 2.3 Steel Materials 钢材料 2.4 Structural Steel Shapes 型钢 Chapter 3. Structural Design concepts 结构设计 3.1 Load conditions and Load Paths 负载条件和加载路径 3.2 Limit State Design 极限状态设计 Chapter 4. Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构 4.1 Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam 钢筋混
3、凝土梁的弯曲性能 4.2 Shear and Diagonal Tension in Reinforced Concrete Beam 钢筋混凝土梁的剪切和斜拉 4.3 Bond , Anchorage, and Development Length 连接，锚固，基本锚固长度 Chapter 1 . Structural Mechanics 结构力学 1.1 . Classification and Behavior of Structural Systems and Elements 系统结构和元素的分类和作用 Common rigid elements include beams, col
4、umns or struts, arches, flat plates, singly curved plates, and shells having a variety of different curvatures. Flexible elements include cables (straight and draped) and membranes(planar, singly curved, and doubly curved). In addition, there are a number of other types of structures that are derive
5、d from these elements(e.g, frames, trsses, geodesic domes, nets, etc. )(figure 1.1) 常见的刚性元件包括梁，柱，支撑，圆拱，平板，单向板弯曲面，具有不同的曲率的翘体。柔性元素包括 电缆（直披）和膜结构（平面，单向板弯曲面，双曲面） 。此外也有一些来自这些元素（如框架，桁架，测量短 程线，网格等） Frames 框架 The frame has rigid joints that are made between vertical and horizontal members. This joint rigidit
6、y imparts (给予) a measure of stability against lateral forces. In a framed system both beams and columns are bent or bowed（弯如弓的）as a consequence of the action of the load on the structure. 框架的垂直和水平直接有刚性连接， 这样的节点给予了一定程度上的稳定性抵抗侧向作用力。 在一个框架的系统 张，梁和柱的弯曲或弓形弯如弓的形状都是结构上负载的作用效果。 Trusses 桁架 Trusses are struct
7、ural members made by assembling short, straight members into triangulated patterns. The resultant （组合的, 合成的）structure is rigid as a result of the exact （精确的) way the individual line elements are positioned relative to one another. Some patterns (e.g. a pattern of squares rather than triangles) do no
8、t necessarily yield a structure that is rigid (unless joints are treated in the same way as in framed structures). A truss composed of discrete elements is bent in an overall way under the action of an applied transverse loading in much the same way that a beam is bent. Individual truss members, how
9、ever, are not subject to bending but are only either compressed or pulled upon. 桁架结构构件是通过短直杆组装成三角形的图案。 组合的结果的精确方式相对于彼此的位置的各行元素的结构是 刚性的。不一定会产生某些刚性的模型（例如，一个模型的平方不一定是三角形图案） （除非在框架结构中相同 学 海 无 涯 2 的处理） 。由分立元件组成的桁架在大致相同的方式，弯曲梁所施加的横向载荷的作用下，在一个整体方式的弯 曲。个人桁架构件，不能弯曲只能压缩或拉后。 Arches 拱门 An arch is a curved, line
10、-forming structural member that spans between two points. The exact shape of the curve and the nature of the loading are critical determinants as to whether the resultant assembly is stable. When shapes are formed by simply stacking rigid block elements, the resultant structure is functional and sta
11、ble only when the action of the load is to induce in-plane forces that cause the structure to compress uniformly. Structures of this type cannot carry loads that induce elongations or any pronounced type of bowing in the member (the blocks simply pull apart and failure occurs). The strength of a blo
12、ck structure is due exclusively to the positioning of individual elements, since blocks are typically either simply rested one on another or mortared together. The positioning is, in turn, dependent on the exact type of loading involved. The resultant structure is thus rigid only under very particul
13、ar circumstances. 圆拱 一个拱形的弯曲线形成的结构部件，两点之间的跨越。曲线的精确性质和性质是所得到的组件是否是 稳定的关键决定因素。 当通过简单地堆叠刚性块体元件的形状形成的结构是功能性的和稳定的， 又有当负载的作 用是诱导面内的力量时才导致结构的均匀压缩。 这种类型的结构不能进行负载诱导伸长或任何明显的拉伸 （只需 拉开块发生故障） 。嵌段结构的强度是由于单个元素导致的，由于块通常是在躺在另一个上或砂浆砌在一起。只 有在非常特殊的情况下，所得到的的结构才是刚性的。 The rigid arch is frequently used in modern building.
14、It is curved similarly to block arches but is made of one continuous piece of deformed rigid material. If rigid arches are properly shaped, they can carry a load to supports while being subject only to axial compression, and no bending occurs. The rigid arch is better able to carry variations in the
15、 design loading than is its block counterpart made of individual pieces. Many types of rigid arches exist and are often characterized by their support conditions (fixed, two-hinged, three-hinged). 现代建筑中常用的刚性拱，同样是弯曲的阻止拱，但它是由一块连续变形的刚性材料制成的。如果制成刚性 拱的形状， 它们可以承受的负载支座仅受轴向压缩的同时并没有发生弯曲。 刚性拱是能够更好地进行变化的块对 应的单
16、件制成的。存在许多类型的刚性拱的特点常常是它们的支持条件（固定，双绞链、三铰链） Walls and Plates 墙板 Walls and flat plates are rigid surface-forming structures. A load-bearing wall can typically carry both vertical loads and lateral loads (wind, earthquake) along its length. Resistance to out-of-plane forces in block walls is marginal. A flat plate is typically used horizontally and carries loads by bending to its supports. Plate structures are normally made of reinforced concrete or steel. 墙
