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1、NEWS AND COMMENT et 1. have genetically and bio- chemically characterized a dual- specificity phosphatase (IphP) in the cyanobacterium Nostoc com- mune. As N. commune is free living, IphP probably evolved directly from prokaryotic ancestry. In addition, a potential target for IphP has been found in
2、N. commune, a rare example of protein tyrosine phos- phorylation in a prokaryote. These results raise the possi- bility that tyrosine phosphorylation and its associated enzyme func- tions arose in evolution before the divergence of prokaryotes and eu- karyotes. As eukaryotic organisms evolved and be
3、gan to use protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a major mechanism to activate cellular re- sponses in the immune system, microorganisms such as Yersinia seem to have acquired new genetic traits to subvert this process. References 1 Stuckey, J.A. et al. (1994) Nature 370, 571-575 2 Barford, D., Flint,
4、 A.J. and Tonks, N. (1994) Science 263,1397-1404 3 Guan, K. and Dixon, J.E. (1990) Science 249,553-556 4 Su, X-D. et al. (1994) Nature 370, 575-578 5 Straley, SC. et al. (1993) Infect. Immun. 61,3105-3110 6 Salmond, G.P.C. and Reeves, P.J. (1993) Trends Biochem. Sci. 18,7-12 7 Michiels, T. et al. (1
5、991) I. Bacterial. 173,4994-5009 8 Bliska, J.B. et al. (1991) Proc. Nut1 Acad. Sci. USA 88,1187-1191 9 Bliska, J.B. and Black, D.S. (1995) Infect. lmmun. 63,681-685 10 Sun, H. et al. (1993) Cell 75,487-493 11 Milarski, K.L. et al. (1993) J. Biol. Cbem. 268,23634-23639 12 Bliska, J.B. and Falkow, S.
6、(1992) J. Exp. Med. 176,1625-1630 13 Hakes, D.J. et al. (1993) Proc. Nut/ Acad. Sci. USA 90,4017-4021 14 Guan, K., Broyles, S.S. and Dixon, J.E. (1991) Nature 350,359-362 15 Potts, M. et al. (1994) 1. Biol. Chem. 268,7632-7635 16 Tainer, J. and Russell, P. (1994) Nature 370,506-507 State of the art:
7、 coronaviruses Pierre Talbot and Gary Levy T he 6th International Sym- posium on Corona- and Re- lated Viruses discussed pro- gress in the understanding of the molecular biology, immunology and pathogenesis of corona-, toro- and arterivirus infections. These large, enveloped animal viruses are re- s
8、ponsible for a variety of common acute and chronic diseases in birds and mammals, including humans, and mainly cause infections of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and ner- vous systems2. In humans, corona- viruses cause lo-35% of common colds, have been implicated in some diarrhea1 diseases, and m
9、ay be in- volved in multiple sclerosis, an in- flammatory, autoimmune neuro- logical disorder of multifactorial etiology3. In the veterinary field, corona- and related viruses cause economically very important losses in cattle, pigs and chickens2. Coronaviruses have the longest known RNA genome (27-
10、31 kb), which is of positive polarity. Repli- cation of the viral genome occurs by the production of a characteristic 3-coterminal nested set of sev- eral subgenomic RNAs4. This repli- cation strategy is also characteristic 6th International Symposium on Corona- and Related Viruses, Quebec City, Que
11、bec, Canada, 27 August - 1 September 1994. P. Talbot is in the Virology Research Center, lnstitut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, 53 1 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7N 423; G. Levy is in the Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSG 2C4. *tel: +1 514 687 50
12、10 x4406, fax: +1 514 686 SS31f+l 514 686 5626, e-mail: pierre_talbotiaf.uquebec.ca of the toroviruses and arteriviruses, although the latter have a smaller RNA genome. Pathogenesis, immune responses and vaccines Throughout the meeting, state-of- the-art speakers reviewed themes in the current resea
13、rch on corona- and related viruses. The opening lec- ture was an inspiring outside view of studies aiming to define host genes involved in susceptibility and resistance to various infections. The applications of this technology to coronaviruses have so far been un- deservedly limited, although a goo
14、d example has been the identification 0 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd of a murine-hepatitis susceptibility gene of the fibrinogen family (Emil Skamene, Montreal General Hos- pital, Quebec, Canada). The pathogenesis of coronavirus infections has been studied mainly with the murine coronavirus mouse hepat
15、itis virus (MHV), a com- mon mouse pathogen. Neurotropic strains of MI-IV cause demyelinat- ing diseases of rodents that provide an animal model of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. The JHM strain of MHV has been used to identify determinants of tropism on bot
16、h the virus and the target cells (Samuel Dales, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada). Several cellular receptors used by coronaviruses to enter target cells are now known. These include members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family for MI-IV, the amino- peptidase N for the 229E strain of human coronavirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and 9-0-acetylated neuraminic acid for bovine coronavirus. Binding domains on viral proteins are now starting t
