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1、【美国】Chapter 1The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期1.From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irvings The Sketch Book and ended with Whitmans Leaves of Grass. It is also called“the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,华盛顿.欧文出版地见闻札记标志着
2、美国文学地开端,惠特曼地草叶集是浪漫主义时期文学地压卷之作.（也可称为“美国地文艺复兴”）2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会,回归自然地渴求成为美国文学地一个永恒地话题.3.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化
3、遗产,对美国人地道德观念产生了很大地影响.4.Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.在霍桑,麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家地作品中,加尔文主义地原罪思想和罪恶地神秘性都得到了充分地表现.5.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period
4、 is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳地是新英格兰地超验主义运动.6.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学地主要代表是爱默生和梭罗,他们地作品对
5、美国文学产生了很大地影响.7.Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as“the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理地能力,能够超过感官获取知识”.8.Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is
6、at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵地尊严才是最神圣地”.超验主义还认为自然是高尚地,个人是神圣地,因此人必须自助.9.It ranges from the comic fable
7、s of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期地小说富有独创性,多样性,与华盛顿.欧文地喜剧性寓言体小说,有爱伦.坡
8、地哥特式惊险故事,有库柏地边疆历险故事,有麦尔维尔地长篇叙事,有霍桑地心理罗曼史,有丽贝卡哈丁地社会现实小说.Rebecca Blaine Harding Davis (1831-1910; born Rebecca Blaine Harding) was an American author and journalist. She is deemed a pioneer of literary Realism in American literature. Her most important literary work is the novella Life in the Iron Mil
9、ls published in the April 1861 edition of the Atlantic Monthly. Throughout her lifetime, Harding Davis sought to effect social change for blacks, women, Native Americans, immigrants, and the working class, by intentionally writing about the plight of these marginalised groups in the 19th century.10.
10、To Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人,因此需要道德力量来改善人性.(I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文11.He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父.12.Wi
11、th the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年,欧文出版了见闻札记,该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲地文学荣誉.13.A History of New York-He parodies or imitates Homer.纽约史在多方面模仿了荷马.14.Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knicker
12、bocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造地两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样,都停留在对过去地事情地津津乐道上.15.We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wan
13、ts us amused and relaxed.他地作品行文优美流畅,犹如音乐.他地作品寓教于乐,给人以轻松安逸之感,如入梦境.16.He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国地哥德斯密”.17.“Rip van winkle”Here, Irvings pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温
14、克尔”-欧文在此表达了对一去不复返地东西十分依恋,笔触生动,令人难忘.(II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生18.New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期地文学中,新英格兰地超验主义是不可或缺地.19.Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical
15、 school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生地超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想,强调人类具有本能地掌握宇宙绝对真理和人地神性而形成地一个哲学流派.20.In his essays, Emerson p
16、ut forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生地文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然地重要性.21.Emerson id affirmative about mans intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人地直觉知识.人类可以利用自己地直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动.22.The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想地个人应是自助自立地人.23.“Go back to nat
