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1、,第二讲,句子成分,句子,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？ ！,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is !,句子成分,句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语
2、、助动词或情态动词后面。,The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.,谓语：,谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后由简单动词或者动词短语构成,1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如：You may keep the book for two weeks.
3、He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.,表语：,表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面,Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach
4、English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,宾语,宾语是动作，行为的对象或承受者 ，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后和介词后面 ,They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） Th
5、e heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）,宾语种类
6、： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）， 例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）， 例如：They elected him their monitor.,宾语补足语,在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，从句，现在分词和过去分词充当带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）,His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted
7、 their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）,状语,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语表示地点、时间、原
8、因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。,Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you
9、 begin, you must continue.（状语从句）,状语种类如下：,How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in
10、with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）,定语,定语（attribute）是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰
11、的名词之后。作定语的有名词、形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不等式及其短语、介词短语以及定语从句等。修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is
12、always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）,He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） They are woman workers. 她们是女工。（名词作定语） Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. （所有格名词作定语） Equal pay for equal work should be intro
13、duced. （形容词作定语） The play has three acts. （数词作定语） This is her first trip to Europe. （代词、数词和介词短语作定语） You havent kept your promise to write us often. （动词不定式短语作定语） My cat has a good nose for milk. （介词短语作定语） Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. （从句作定语）,指出下列句子划线部是什么句子成分：,1. The stud
14、ents got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7.He noticed a man enter the room. 8. 17. He sat there, reading a newspap
15、er.,同位语,同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,独立成分： 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The s
16、tory,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。,句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days ge
