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1、工程硕士研究生英语基础教程,Unit 4,1,Table of Contents,1. Text 2. Exercise 3. Part B: Grammar 4. Part C,2,Text A: A Time for Apologies,3,1 Throughout history, saying sorry is not something political and religious leaders have felt comfortable about. Some see it as a sign of weakness; for others its an admission t
2、hat they are liable to make errorssomething religious institutions are particularly careful to avoid.,4,1在整个历史上，说对不起并不是让政治和宗教领袖感觉舒服的一件事。一些人把说对不起看作是软弱的象征；另一些人认为说对不起意味着承认自己是容易犯错误的-这一点是宗教机构特别小心加以回避的。,5,2 But as political systems have become more sophisticated, the idea that governments or churches are
3、faultless has become increasingly difficult to defend. The response of some people in positions of authority has been to stand up and apologize for past wrongs.,6,2但随着政治体制变得更加精密复杂，政府和教会是无懈可击的观点已越来越难以站得住脚跟。一些身居要职的人对此的反应是站起来为过去的错误道歉。,7,3 The trend began in earnest in 1995, when the Queen of England ad
4、mitted that the Maori people of New Zealand had been shamefully treated, when the country was a British colony. Since then, what started as trickle of apologies has turned into something of a flood. Last year alone, apologies were issued by three of the worlds most powerful nations.,8,3这个潮流是从1995年才真
5、正开始的。当时英国女王承认在新西兰还是英国的殖民地时，新西兰的土著毛利人曾遭到英国人的羞辱。从这以后，以涓涓细流开始的道歉就变成了道歉的滔滔洪水。仅去年一年，就有三个世界最权威的国家道了歉。,9,3 The US President, Bill Clinton, apologized for medical experiments which his government carried out on black American men in the 1930s; the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, apologized for Britains
6、failure to help victims of the Irish potato famine, which killed over a million people last century; and French Catholic Bishops apologized for the role of their predecessors during World War II.,10,3 美国总统比尔克林顿为本世纪30年代美国政府在美国黑人身上进行医学实验而道歉：英国首相托里布莱尔为上一世纪英国在爱尔兰因土豆枯萎而引发的饥荒中没有帮助受灾的饥民而道歉，这次饥荒使一百多万人丧生；法国天
7、主教的主教们为他们的前任在二战中的表现而道歉。,11,4 But why do heads of state feel the need to apologize, and why now? One answer has to do with the recent 50th-anniversary of the end of World War II. Three years ago, governments around the world wanted to mark this historic event with some acts. But those countries which
8、 had been on the winning side found that simple celebrations of victory were no longer appropriate.,12,4但为什么政府首脑感觉有道歉的必要，并且为什么现在才有这种感觉呢?原因之一是与最近的二战结束50周年纪念有关。3年前，世界各国政府想以行动来纪念这个有历史意义的事件。但二战的战胜国发现简单地庆贺胜利已不再合适。,13,4 Many political leaders, like most of their citizens, belong to post-war generations, w
9、ho now look on the conflict as more than simply the victory of good over evil. Also, the passing of time has erased much of the propaganda of the period. In its place, recently declassified documents reveal that many of the victors either profited, or turned a blind eye to the sufferings of the war.
10、,14,4 许多政治领袖，和他们的国民一样，属于战后的一代，他们现在认为那次战争并不是简单的正义战胜邪恶的战争。并且，时间的流逝抹去了很多当时的宣传色彩。与宣传相反，近期被销密的文件显示战胜方的许多人不是获得了利益，就是对战争所造成的灾难视而不见。,15,5 In the event, the 50th-anniversary celebrations emphasized the recreation of harmony and the desire never to repeat the cruelties and suffering of World War II. But amid
11、the general goodwill, the few remaining survivors of cruelties like the Holocaust, and military occupation, called for their personal suffering to be admitted, and for compensation to be paid.,16,5结果，二战50周年的庆祝活动强调了重铸和解以及永远不使二战中的暴行和苦难重演的愿望。但在这些普遍的良好愿望中，还有在二战中经受过如大屠杀暴行和军事占领暴行的极少数幸存者要求承认他们的个人伤害，并要求加以赔偿
12、；,17,6 Two groupsJewish survivors of the Holocaust and Korean women who were forced into prostitution by the Japanese armyhave both received apologies. However, neither group is entirely satisfied with the result.,18,6有两部分人大屠杀中幸存的犹太人和被日本军队强征为军妓的朝鲜妇女都被致歉了。然而，对这一结果他们都不完全满意。,19,7 But the renewed invest
13、igation of crimes committed during World War II is only one reason for the apology phenomenon. Other governments, notably the US, have also realized that if they want to demand high standards of moral behaviour from other nations, they can only do so if they admit their own past wrongs.,20,7重新审视二战期间
14、犯下的罪行只是道歉现象的原因之一。其他一些政府，尤其是美国，也已意识到如果他们想要求其他国家有高标准的道德行为，他们只有承认自己过去的错误，才能做到这一点。,21,7 President Clinton has responded by making public apologies to US citizens, who, as recently as the 1950s, were used as guinea-pigs in secret experiments involving radiation and sexually transmitted diseases. He is al
15、so expected to make a formal apology to the descendants of slaves in the US.,22,7 克林顿总统对此已作出了反应，他对近在本世纪50年代进行的一次涉及辐射和性病传染的秘密实验中被用做实验对象的美国公民公开致歉。人们也期望他对美国奴隶的后裔作出正式的道歉。,23,8 But its not just a sense of conscience, nor demands from pressure groups, which lies behind these apologies. A well-timed apolog
16、y can do a lot to promote a head of states public imagein the 90s, caring and sympathetic leaders are better vote winners than proud and determined ones.,24,8支撑这些道歉的并不仅仅是良心的发现，也不仅仅是压力群体的要求。一个恰逢时候的道歉对抬高首脑人物的公众形象是很有帮助的。在90年代，体贴和富于情感的领袖人物要比骄傲和武断的领袖人物赢得更多的选票。,25,9 However, playing the public-relations game with apologies is dangerous, as some politicians have found to their cost. The Swiss government is still trying to put right the public-relations disaster that resulted f
