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1、ACADEMIC LIBRARIES DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE USA美国学术图书馆的发展和未来趋势,LIAN RUAN, PH.D. 阮炼 博士 DIRECTOR/HEAD LIBRARIAN 图书馆馆长 DIRECTOR OF IFSI CHINA PROGRAMS IFSI国际项目主任 ILLINOIS FIRE SERVICE INSTITUTE 伊州消防服务学院 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 伊利诺伊大学厄本娜-香槟分校 LRUANILLINOIS.EDU,ACADEMIC LIB
2、RARIES IN THE USA美国学术图书馆,As of August, 2013, 3,689 academic libraries (including 1,326 are less than four-year, 2,363 are four-year and above) 截止2013年8月，全美共3,689个学术图书馆 （其中1,326个少于四年，2,363在四年或以上） (ALA Library Fact Sheet) (美图联信息册）,ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN ILLINOIS伊利诺州伊学术图书馆,IFLA TREND REPORT (AUGUST 2013
3、) 国际图联发展趋势报告 (2013年8月),Identifies 5 top level trends which will play a key role in shaping our future information ecosystem(http:/trends.ifla.org/): 确定了5个顶级水平的趋势，这将在塑造我们的未来的信息生态系统中发挥关键作用:TREND 1 New Technologies will both expand and limit who has access to information. 趋势1: 新科技将扩展并同时限制信息获取 TREND 2 O
4、nline Education will democratise and disrupt global learning. 趋势2: 网络教育民主化同时干扰全球学习TREND 3 The boundaries of privacy and data protection will be redefined. 趋势3:隐私和数据保护的边界将被重新定义TREND 4 Hyper-connected societies will listen to and empower new voices and groups. 趋势4:超连接社会将听取并赋予新声音和团体力量TREND 5 The global
5、 information environment will be transformed by new technologies. 趋势5:新技术将改变全球信息环境,WORLD OF INFORMATION信息世界,Changes in the world of information are very radical.信息世界的改变巨大的。 1. The displacement of paper. 纸张的取代 2. The primacy of the search engine. 搜索引擎的重要位置 3. The emergence of the digital lifestyle. 数
6、字生活方式的出现 4. The innovative patterns of scholarly communications. 学术交流的创新模式 5. Decreasing reliance on local collections is transforming the library as a physical destination. This environment of upheaval will pose both opportunities and challenges for academic libraries. 对本地馆藏减少的依赖改变了图书馆的物理馆性质。巨变的环境对
7、学术图书馆带来机遇的同时也充满挑战,(Gregory, 2006, p. 101),CHANGES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION CONTEXT高等教育背景的改变,University students are more ethnically and racially diverse than in the past. 大学生比过去更加民族和种族多元化 The faculty is changing as well. 教员也在改变 The economics of higher education represent an area of particular volatil
8、ity. 高等教育经济代表了一个领域特殊的变化性 Delivery methods have evolved significantly, due largely to the development of new information and communication technologies. 传递方式发生了重要改变，很大程度上是因为新信息和交流技术的发展,(Gregory, 2006),MOOCS (MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE) （大众网络公开课）,An online course aimed at large-scale interactive parti
9、cipation and open access via the web. 网络课程目标在于大范围的互动参与以及网页的公开使用 In addition to traditional course materials such as videos, readings, and problem sets, MOOCs provide interactive user forums that help build a community for the students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs). 除了传统的课程材料，如视频，阅读，和习题集
10、，MOOCs提供交互式用户论坛，帮助学生，教授和教学助理（助教）建立一个社区。 MOOCs are a recent development in distance education. MOOCS是在远程教育中最新发展 Features associated with early MOOCs, such as open licensing of content, open structure and learning goals 早期MOOCS特点：公开许可内容、开放的结构和学习目标 Connectivism may not be present in all MOOC projects,i
11、n particular with the openness of many MOOCs being called into question raising issues around the reuse and remixing of resources. 关联主义可能不存在在MOOC项目，【特别是对“开放”许多MOOCs的资料提出问质疑，问题围绕资源“重用”和“混用”】,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_open_online_course#Economics.2C_business_models_and_industry_structure,MOO
12、CS大众网络公开课,The proliferation of MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) has been hailed as a potent defense against the rising cost and insular culture of attending a traditional college. 作为一种有效的抵御成本上升和狭隘的文化，上传统的大学，被喻为的MOOCs（大规模开放式在线课程）的增殖。 The courses, which are generally taught by experts with affiliat
13、ions to elite universities, are characterized by their unique pedagogy and unlimited enrollment. To date, no course has been accepted for transfer credit at a major on-campus institution; however some administrators and higher-education experts predict their gradual integration into university curri
14、culum. 课程，一般都是所属的精英大学的专家教授，其特点是其独特的教学和招生无限。到今天为止，没有一家大学接受转学分，一些管理员和高等教育专家预测他们逐步融入大学课程。 2012 : November 2nd New York Times article, “The Year of the MOOC,” as well as the October 29th issue of Time Magazine devoted to this topic.2012时代周刊的报道让MOOCS名声大噪。 Coursera cofounder Daphne Koller: within five yea
15、rs, Coursera will expand from around 200 courses to 3,000, roughly the same number of courses offered in the academic catalogs of large research universities (Koller, 2012). Coursera联合创始人达芙妮科勒预言：五年内，Coursera将扩大从约200门课程3000门，数量大致相同目录的大型研究型大学在学术课程（科勒，2012）。 (Wright Corrall, Kennan, Anderson, 2008),Que
16、stions & Answers? 问答,REFERENCES 参考资料,Association of College & Research Libraries. Intersections of Scholarly Communication and Information Literacy: Creating Strategic Collaborations for a Changing Academic Environment. Retrieved from http:/acrl.ala.org/intersections/ Attis, DAnderson, R. (2008). Future-Proofing the Library: Strategies for Acquisitions, Cataloging, and Collection Development. Serials Librarian, 55(4), 560-567. Attis, D., & Koproske, C. (2013). Thirty trends shaping the fu
