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1、Chapter 3 Translation on Syntactic Level,II. Adjustment of Word Order,Reference Translations,有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王斌，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求得到帮助。 There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who traveled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wangs help. 他们进行挑衅活动，
2、制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。 They must stop all their provocations at once, which create tensions.,Reference Translations,村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived by the scoundrel. 甲方和乙方本着友好合作的精神签订本合同，根据合同，甲方聘请乙方为外籍
3、工作人员，合同条款如下： This contract is made in a spirit of friendly cooperation by and between Party A and Party B, whereby Party A shall invite Party B for service as foreign staff on the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:,Reference Translations,坚持一个中国原则，是发展两岸关系和实现祖国和平统一的基石。 The basis of developing
4、 the relationship of both banks and realizing peaceful unification of mother land is to follow the principle of one country. 一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后大骂其新党。 After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he launched a viol
5、ent attack on the revolutionaries.,Revision Questions,What principles should we follow in determining the subject? What are the three ways to determine the subject? What is the meaning of “It may be said without fear of exaggeration that”? Give examples to illustrate the differences between Chinese
6、predicate and English predicate? Say something about the application of the passive voice in C-E translation.,Introductions to word order,语序指句子成分的排列次序,它体现了词语(符号)之间的关系,是言内意义在句法层的突出表现 语序反映语言使用者的思维模式。汉族和英语民族的思维方式显然不同，故其对同一客观事物有着不同的语言表达顺序。具体如下：,汉族的思维方式：主体-行为标志-行为-行为客体,汉语的语言表达模式：主语状语谓语宾语 （以及定语必须前置等）,Intr
7、oductions to word order,汉英对比：汉语是分析型语言，英语是分析综合型语言；汉语语序较固定，英语语序有既固定又灵活。 结论：汉英基本语序大同小异；“同”的是主谓宾的位置，“异”的是状语和定语的位置。,英语民族的思维方式：主语-行为-行为客体-行为标志,英语的语言表达模式：主语 谓语宾语 状语 （以及较长定语必须后置等）,Introductions to word order,如果汉英在概念（深层结构）和表达形式（表层结构）上大体对应，那么就可采用直译的方式。 如果我们读书时能抛弃所有这些先入之见，那读书将是一个极好的开端。 If we could banish all s
8、uch preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. 如果汉英在概念（深层结构）和表达形式（表层结构）上不对应，那么就要进行表达形式的调整甚至再创造。 语序调整主要集中在: 1.定语的位置；2. 状语的位置；3. 一系列表示时间或地点的词在一起时的先后顺序；4. 叙事与表态的先后顺序。,定语的调整,重要的事情（前置）- something important（后置） 一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛（后置） a short, yellow and ragged beggar（前置） We have
9、tried every way possible. 我们要把祖国1建设2成社会主义3的现代化4强5国6。 We will build2 our motherland1 into a modern4 powerful5 socialist3 country6.,定语的调整,在信息处理方面，高等院校上一次深远的变革发生在19世纪后期和20世纪前期的50年间。 The last time universities experienced such far-reaching change in information processing was during the last quarter of
10、the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth. 世界上最大的都市有日本的东京,美国的纽约,英国的伦敦和中国的上海. The largest cities of the world are Tokyo, Japan; New York, USA; London, England; and Shanghai, PRC.,汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间，呈“主语状语谓语宾语”模式；英语状语一般出现在宾语后的句尾，呈“主语谓语宾语状语”模式。 他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。 He studies hard in the
11、classroom every morning. 复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行,因为它能迅速地求出准确的答案 In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.,状语的调整,状语的调整,不幸的是，这个问题只要一提出来双方就剑拔弩张。 It is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. 即使在游戏中，我们也需
12、要有困难。 We demand difficulty even in our games.,状语的调整,在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。 In a machine a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts. 他们刚刚作了一项物理实验 They have just made an experiment in physics. 你上学总是迟到 You are always late for school. 尽管如此,我们对这件事情仍不能掉以轻心. Nevertheless, we
13、should not treat the matter lightly.,一系列表示时间、地点、方式的状语先后顺序的调整,汉语： 时间 地点 方式 动词 英语： 动词 方式 地点 时间 他一九三五年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分诞生在湖南的一个小县城。 He was born in a small town of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22, 1935. 设在位于纽约市中心一座摩天大楼第四十层楼里的那间办公室，就是他工作的小天地。 The office on the fortieth floor of a sky
14、scraper in the center of New York City is the world he works in.,一系列表示时间、地点、方式的状语先后顺序的调整,他家住浙江 杭州 西湖路 号 He lives at 195 West Lake Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. 敬启者：您所订的中国日报将于年月日满期 Dear Sir, Your subscription to China Daily expires on May 26, 1996. 他每天早晨 在教室里 认真地学习 He studies hard in the classroom every
15、morning.,叙事与表态先后顺序的调整,一般来说，句中如果有叙事和表态部分，英语常常是表态部分（判断、结论等）在前，叙事部分（实事、描写等）在后，即先总提后分述，或先讲结果后追叙过去；汉语的顺序往往相反。这与英语句子重心前置、汉语句子重心后置的观点相吻合。 对此类句子的英译，应将英语译文调整为表态在前、叙事在后，即句子重心由后置调为前置。 凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.,叙事与表态先后顺序的调整,他离开村子后，发生了许多事。 Lot of things have happened since he left the village. 如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。 It would be appreciated if samples and/or brochure could be soon forwarded to us. 驾车经过这一地区 真是太危险了。 It is dangerous to drive through this area.,
