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1、团队图式的性别角色定向效应：对美国一所联邦卫生保健机构指标的多变量分析,The Effects Of Gender Role Orientation On Team Schema: A Multivariate Analysis Of Indicators In a U.S. Federal Health Care Organization ROBERT F. SCHERER College OF Business Wright State University 莱特州立大学商学院 JOSEPH A. PETRICK Department of Management Wright State
2、University 莱特州立大学管理系 The Journal of Social Psychology Vol 141 No. 1 Feb, 2001,性别角色定向:是个人对一种标准预期的接受或排斥,这种预期就是一定社会环境下对男性或女性行为的义务、责任和规则的假定。,Gender role orientation may be conceptualized as an individuals acceptance or rejection of the “normative expectations about the duties, responsibilities ,and rule
3、s for behavior in specific situations that men and women in a given society should assume” 一个传统型性别角色定向的人较多的是对这种标准预期的接受，而非传统型性别角色定向的人则更多的是对这种标准预期的排斥。,图式：是一种从原有经验发展而来的知识 结构，用来组织新的信息和增进共同的理解,A schema is a knowledge structure developed from past experience that organizes new information and facilitates
4、shared understanding 当不同心理性别的成员进入一个团队，其心理性别和团队图式会指导他们作为团队成员的一些假设、预期和行为。,性别图式和自我图式两种理论,被用来解释为什么有些人比其他人更愿意用生理和心理性别作为分类、处理和评价信息的基础。,Two theoriesgender schema theory and self-schema theoryhave been proposed to explain why some people are more likely to use biological sex and psychosocial gender as the b
5、asis for categorizing, assimilating, or evaluating information.,根据心理性别图式理论，具有性别图式意味着自发地将原因和行为归于与心理性别有关的范畴，而不考虑与性别无关的其他可行的范畴,According to gender schema theory, being gender schema means spontaneously sorting attributes and behaviors into categories related to gender, despite viable alternative catego
6、ries unrelated to gender.,根据自我图式理论，一个在某一领域具有图式的人能够被认为是在该领域属于“专家”型的人,According to self-schema theory, a person who is schematic in a particular area can be thought of as an “expert” within that domain. 两种理论最大的不同在于，自我图式理论认为个体只有在与自我相关的特定状态时才会具有性别图式。The biggest distinction between self-schema theorists
7、and gender schema theorists is that the former argue that individuals are gender schematic only in more specifically self-related ways.,以往对个人在使用心理或生理性别因素作为参考和评价的认知结构的不同趋势的经验调查，几乎一直都集中在性别图式如何指导信息处理上。,Empirical investigators of individual differences in the tendency to use psychosocial gender or biolo
8、gical sex as a cognitive frame of reference and evaluation have focused nearly exclusively on how gender schema directs information processing. 然而本研究的所关注的是，根植于性别图式或自我图式理论上的性别角色定向对团队图式的影响。Of interest in the present study, however, is the relation of gender role orientation,grounded in either gender o
9、r self-schemas, to team schemas.,团队图式，可以定义为从原有团队经验发展而来的各种知识结构，用来组织新的信息和增进对团队相关现象的理解。,Team schemas can be defined as knowledge structures developed from past team experiences that organize new information and facilitate understanding of team-related phenomena.,以前的研究者提出的一些研究结论：The foregoing researcher
10、s produced consistent results:,团队成员在考虑各种团队现象过程中发展起相似的团队图式。Team members developed similar team schemas over time regarding various team-related phenomena. 团队的全面有效性与成员相似的团队图式有关。Similar team schemas among team members were related to overall team effectiveness. 团队图式首先从原有的团队经验发展而来。Team schemas were deve
11、loped primarily from past team experience.,与团队有效和无效相关的一个重要变量是团队的心理性别构成。One important variable associated with team effectiveness and ineffectiveness is team gender composition.,心理性别构成对团队作用影响的研究结论各不相同。The results of research on the impact of gender composition on team functioning have been mixed. 关于成
12、员之间的凝聚力，凝聚的程度趋向取决于团队成员的心理性别构成。With regard to interpersonal cohesion, cohesion levels tend to vary depending on the teams gender composition.,该研究的理论基础是明显的。The rationale for the present study is evident.,各种不同心理性别角色定向的团队成员，在理解和评价团队工作过程中会有很大不同。Mixed-gender team members with varied gender role orientatio
13、ns may understand and evaluate the process of teamwork very differently. 以前的研究者只研究了心理性别角色定向对小组变量的影响，而没有特别注意性别角色如何影响团队图式。Whereas previous investigators have identified the effects of gender role orientation on group variables, they have not focused specifically on how gender role may effect team sche
14、mas.,我们提出以下问题作为本研究的开始：We posed the following research question to guide the study:,研究的问题：心理性别角色定向影响团队成员对团队图式的评价吗？ Research question: Does gender role orientation affect team members evaluations of team schemas?,方法 Method 1,参与者 该研究的参与者是位于美国中西部城市的一所大型联邦卫生保健机构的649名职员。Team members participating in prese
15、nt study were 649 employees of a large federally operated care facility in a mid-western metropolitan area of the United States. 团队图式测试 我们从2000组织调查的项目中建立团队图式的指标体系。We constructed team schema indicators from items included in the Survey of Organizations2000. （SOO-2000),方法 Method 2,在该研究中，我们用了5个因素作为测量团队
16、图式的指标：影响和控制，组织功能，团队建设，同事工作的协作和冲突的解决。For the present investigation,we used five indices as team schema indicators: influence and control, group functioning, team building, peer work facilitation, and conflict resolution. 几项指标的可靠性系数依次从0.65到0.91,其中四项指标的系数达到或超过0.82。Coefficients ranged from .65 for influence and control to .91 for group functioning ,with four of the five reliabilities being .82 or greater.,方法 Method 3,分组测量 Grouping Measure 为了对参与者按心理性别角色进行分组，我们使用了男性与女性间关系的调查问卷表。To group pa
