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1、生態保育策略,鄭先祐 生態主張者：Ayo 工作室,1,生物保育策略,傳統的方法 (範例)Heath hem (Tympanuchus cupido cupido),曾分布於New England 至Virginia State 1876，只存在於 Marthas Vineyard。 1900，只剩不到100隻。 1907，設立refuge(保護區)。 1916，族群數目增加到800隻。但當年火災，冬天又有強大的掠食壓力，族群數目又下降到100隻至150隻。 1920，族群數目再上升至200隻。但又遭疾病侵襲，又再下降到100隻以下。 1932，滅絕。,2,生物保育策略,四項不確定因素,(1)
2、demographic stochasticity (2) environmental stochasticity (3) natural catastrophes (4) genetic stochasticity,3,生物保育策略,研訂 minimum population size,(1) Experiments (2) Biogeographic patterns (3) Theoretical models (4) Simulation models (5) Genetic considerations,4,生物保育策略,Genetic considerations,小族群容易滅絕的
3、原因 (1) inbreeding 造成homozygosity 上升。 (2) Genetic drift (3) 環境不斷變動。,5,生物保育策略,生物地理學(Biogeography),生物隨著時間於空間上的分布情形之研究。 植物地理學(Plant geography) 動物地理學(Zoogeography) 島嶼生物地理學(Island Biogeography),6,生物保育策略,生物地理學的發展史,1820 1940：主要為描述性的生物地理學。 1940年以後：Cain(1944)加入詮釋性的生物地理之研究，可分為：歷史生物地理學(Historical biogeography)與
4、生態生物地理學(Ecological biogeography)。 1961年研討會：兩種遷移法：(1)跨越水域，(2)經由暫時性的陸橋。,7,生物保育策略,1960年代的島嶼生物地理學,原則： (1) 愈大愈好。 (2)不要切割。 (3)切割後，每塊間的距離愈近愈好。 (4)周長/面積，要愈小愈好。,8,生物保育策略,Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design of nature reserves.,9,生物保育策略,Fig.5a. The Galapagos Islands,10,生物保育策略,Fig.
5、 5b. Number of land-plant species on the Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the island. S= 28.6A 0.32,11,生物保育策略,Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies. S= 3.3A 0.30,12,生物保育策略,Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.(a) Map of the Great Bas
6、in region of the western United States showing the isolated mountain ranges between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west.,13,生物保育策略,Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.(b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in the
7、Great Basin.,14,生物保育策略,Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal species.,15,生物保育策略,Fig. 7. Equilibrium model of a biota of a single island.,16,生物保育策略,Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of biotas of several islands of varying distances from the p
8、rincipal source area and of varying size.,17,生物保育策略,Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small mangroves islands in the lower Florida Keys, whose entire faunas, consisting almost solely of arthropods, were exterminated by methyl bromide fumigation.,18,生物保育策略,1960-1980：相關學科的發展,(1) 大陸飄移。 (2) 分子生物技術於系統分
9、類學的應用。 (3) MacArthur and Wilson (1963, 1967)：島嶼生物地理學的平衡理論。 (4) Vicariance 生物地理學。 1980年以後，the study of biodiversity。,19,生物保育策略,Fig. 11. Baja California,20,生物保育策略,表1. Cortez 海域島嶼間生物地理之比較。,21,生物保育策略,Fig. 13. 島嶼生物地理學(修改自Case & Code, 1987),22,生物保育策略,當代的切割理論與生物保育策略,一大或是多小？ (1) maximizes the mean size of r
10、eserves (2) maximizes the number of reserves,23,生物保育策略,Fig. 4. The distribution of areas of nature reserves in the world.,24,生物保育策略,Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with solid edges represent enclosures preventing access by sheep. Broken lines mark delineated plots in the grazed area.,
11、25,生物保育策略,表2. 於不同大小面積之隔離區與牧養區內，顯花植物的種類數之比較。,26,生物保育策略,表3. 各型樣區的種類數目之變化。,27,生物保育策略,Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos.a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islandsb. Galapagos land birdsc. Galapagos Darwins finchesd. Galapagos ferns.,海洋性島嶼 離岸200公里以上,28,生物保育策略,Fig. 16. C
12、umulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos.e. Galapagos insectsf. Galapagos flowering plantsg. Caribbean bats.h. Facroes islands ground beetles.,海洋性島嶼 離岸200公里以上,29,生物保育策略,Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. g. Caribbean bats.h. Facroes islands ground beetles
13、.i. Canary Islands birdsj. Canary island ground beetles.,海洋性島嶼 離岸200公里以上,30,生物保育策略,Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. a. Seabirds on islands off of Scotland.b. Extant marsupials on islands in the Bass Straits.c. Reptiles on islands in the Bass Straits. d. Sand dune
14、mammals on islands in the Bass Straits.,沿岸島嶼 離岸100KM以內,31,生物保育策略,沿岸島嶼 離岸100KM以內,Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds of the California Channel islands.f. Reptiles and amphibians of the California Channel islands.g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of Californ
15、ia.h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California.,32,生物保育策略,Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California.h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California.i. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in the Gulf of Calif
16、ornia.,沿岸島嶼 離岸100KM以內,33,生物保育策略,Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates.a. Mammals of East African national parks.b. Birds of East African national parks.c. Mountaintop small mammals. d. Mountaintop plants.,陸域隔離區,34,生物保育策略,Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates.e. Mountaintop birdsf. Birds in New Jersey woodlotsg. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves.h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserv
