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1、第十八章,生产要素市场 The Market for the Factors of Production,1,生产要素市场The Markets for the Factors of Production,2005年美国居民的总收入是12万亿美元，人均4万美元（中国：18万亿人民币元，人均1.4万元）。 In 2005, the total in come of all U.S. residents was about $12 trillion, or $40,000 per capita. 工人以工资和附加福利的形式赚到的收入占其四分之三（中国：五分之三）。其余以地租、利润和利息的形式归土地
2、所有者与资本所有者。 Workers earned about three-fourths of it in the form of wages and fringe benefits. The rest went to landowners and to the owners of capital in the form of rent, profit and interest.,2,生产要素市场The Markets for the Factors of Production,为什么有的人的收入比别人高？ Why do some people have higher incomes tha
3、n others? 是什么决定了多少归工人，多少归土地所有者，多少又归资本所有者？ What determines how much goes to workers? To landowners? To the owners of capital? 为什么一些工人（或土地所有者、资本所有者）比另一些挣得更高的工资（或租金收入、利润）？ Why do some workers earn higher wages than others, some landowners higher rental income than others, and some capital owners greate
4、r profit than others?,答案取决于供给与需求。 The answers hinge on supply and demand.,3,生产要素市场The Markets for the Factors of Production,4,生产要素Factors of Production,生产要素是用来生产商品和服务的投入。 Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services. 劳动、土地和资本是三种最重要的生产要素。 Labor, land and capital are the thr
5、ee most important factors of production.,5,生产要素市场The Market for the Factors of Production,生产要素需求是派生需求。 The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand. 企业对于生产要素的需求，是从它在其他市场上供给商品的决策中派生出来的。 A firms demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another mar
6、ket.,6,劳动市场The Markets for Labor,劳动市场，跟经济中的其他市场一样，是由供给和需求的力量支配的。 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand.,7,“万能的”供给与需求 The Versatility of Supply and Demand.,(a) 苹果市场 The Market for Apples,(b) 摘苹果工市场 The Market for Apple Pickers,苹果数量Quantity o
7、f Apples,摘苹果工数量Quantity of Apple Pickers,Q,L,P,W,0,0,苹果价格Price of Apples,摘苹果工工资Wage of Apple Pickers,需求Demand,需求Demand,供给Supply,供给Supply,8,劳动需求The Demand For Labor,大多数劳动的使用，不是作为最终产品供消费者享受，而是投入其他物品的生产中。 Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs in
8、to the production of other goods.,9,生产函数和劳动的边际产量The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor,生产函数描述使用的投入量与产品的产出量之间的关系。 The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.,10,生产函数The Production Function.,0,0,50,10
9、0,150,200,250,300,350,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,摘苹果工的数量 Quantity of Apple Pickers,苹果数量 Quantity of Apples,1,2,5,11,生产函数和劳动的边际产量The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor,劳动的边际产量是增加1单位劳动所得到的产出量的增加。 The marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of lab
10、or. MPL = Q/L MPL = (Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1),12,劳动的边际产量递减Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor,随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。 As the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. 随着工人数量愈来愈多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献小于前一个工人。 As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to prod
11、uction than the prior one. 生产函数随着工人数量的增加变得越来越平坦。 The production function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises.,这一性质称为边际产量递减。 This property is called diminishing marginal product.,13,劳动的边际产值The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor,边际产值是投入的边际产量乘以产出的市场价格。 The value of the marginal product i
12、s the marginal product of the input multiplied by the market price of the output. VMPL = MPL X P,14,劳动的边际产值The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor,劳动的边际产值以美元（或其他货币单位）来衡量。 The value of the marginal product is measured in dollars. 它随着工人数量的增加而减少，因为产品的市场价格是恒定的。 It diminishes as the number of workers
13、rises because the market price of the good is constant.,15,边际产值和劳动需求The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for Labor,给定工人的市场工资，竞争性的、利润最大化的企业雇佣工人的数量要在劳动的边际产值等于工资这一点上 。 Given the market wage for labors, the competitive, profit-maximizing firm hires workers up to the point where the value of
14、marginal product of labor equals the wage. VMPL = Wage,16,竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to Hire,劳动,产出,劳动的 边际产量,劳动的 边际产值,工资,边际利润,17,劳动的边际产值 The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor.,0,0,Value of marginal product,(demand curve for labor),Profit-maximizing Quantity 利
15、润最大化数量,边际产值,边际产值 （劳动需求曲线）,摘苹果工数量,18,边际产值和劳动需求The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for Labor,对于一个竞争性的、利润最大化的企业来说，边际产值曲线就是劳动需求曲线。 The value-of-marginal-product curve is the labor demand curve for a competitive, profit-maximizing firm.,19,投入需求和产出供给：同一硬币的两面Input Demand and Output Supply:Two Sides of the Same Coin,一个竞争性企业雇佣越来越多的劳动，一直到边际产值等于工资那一点。此时，它的产量也就达到了价格等于边际成本的一点。 When a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product equals the wage, it also produces up to the point at which the p
