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1、,“A man who does not plan long ahead will find trouble at his door” -Confucius,61,人无远虑必有近忧 -孔子,Part II 计划与决策 Planning specific to an organizational unit. Formal: In formal planning, specific goals covering a period of years are defined. These goals are written, specific, shared with organizational m
2、embers to reduce ambiguity and create a common understanding about what needs to be done. Specific action plans (how the goals will be reached.) The term planning in this book, we do mean formal planning,87,Essentials of planning 规划的基本要素,Robert Kreitner: Planning is the process of coping with uncert
3、ainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results.规划是为了应对未来不确定性取得特定目标而采取行动的过程。 The essentials of planning include: Organization mission, 组织使命 Types of planning, 规划类型 Objectives (goals), 目标 Priorities, 优先重点 Planning/control cycles 规划周期 Strategy 战略,88,Mission the start point o
4、f setting goals,Mission （使命）: a statement of the purpose of an organization the firms reason for being 公司存在的意义 Albaba,89,Well-written mission statement that does the following things: Defines your organization for key stakeholders Creates an inspiring vision of what the organization can be and can d
5、o Outlines how the vision is to be accomplished (path ) Establishes key priorities States a common goal and fosters a sense of togetherness Creates philosophical anchor for all organizationa activities Generates enthusiasm and a “can do” attidude Empowers present and future organization members to b
6、elieve that every individual is the key to success,810,Well written mission statment,Strategy,Strategies The decisions and actions that determine the long-run performance of an organization. （Robbins, 9e) 战略是决定一个组织的长期绩效的决策和行动。 The plans for how the organization will do whatever its in business to do
7、, how it will compete successfully, and how it will attract and satisfy its customers in order to achieve its goals. （Bobbins. 10-11e） 战略是组织为了实现其目标的一些计划，包括从事何种业务，如何与其他组织竞争中获胜，如何吸引和满足顾客从而实现公司的目标。,811,Goals (also Objectives，目标) Desired outcomes or targets. (for individuals, groups, or entire organizat
8、ions) 希望的结果 Provide direction and evaluation performance criteria,812,制定规划的基本内容之二 5W1H,813,What- 做什么？目标、内容 Why (or/and For Whom)为何做？ Who- 谁去做？ Where- 何地做？ When- 何时做？ How 如何做？,1. 2 Why Do Managers Plan,Purposes of Planning: Provides direction 提供目标方向 Reduces uncertainty 减少不确定性 Minimizes waste and redu
9、ndancy 减少浪费 Sets the goals or standards used for controlling 制定控制标准,P205,814,1.3 Planning and Performance,The Relationship Between Planning and Performance Formal planning is associated with: Higher profits and returns on assets. Positive financial results. The quality of planning and implementation
10、 affects performance more than the extent of planning. The external environment can reduce the impact of planning on performance. Formal planning must be used for several years (4 years in the textbook) before planning begins to affect performance. 高质量规划提升绩效，环境会降低规划的绩效，规划长期才能见效。,815,2. Goals and Pla
11、ns,目标和计划,816,2.1 Types of Goals,D Goals (also Objectives，目标) Desired outcomes or targets. (for individuals, groups, or entire organizations) Provide direction and evaluation performance criteria,817,Criteria for Objectives (goals) 目标的标准,Singular result 单个结果 Specific 具体 Measurable 可测量 Target date 截止日
12、期 Difficult but achievable 可现实性 Attainable， Achievable Acceptance and commitment 接受与承诺,818,目标管理的SMART原则,Specific Measurable AttainableAchievable RelevantRealistic Result 相关性（目标努力承诺） Time-based,819,讨论：两个目标,足协副主席：中国足球2050年将达世界最高水平 上海大学：建设成为世界一流特色鲜明的综合性研究型大学。,820,Characteristics of Well-designed Goals,
13、Written in terms of outcomes, not actions Focuses on the ends, not the means. Measurable and quantifiable Specifically defines how the outcome is to be measured and how much is expected. Clear as to time frame How long before measuring accomplishment.,Challenging yet attainable Low goals do not moti
14、vate. High goals motivate if they can be achieved. Written down Focuses, defines, and makes goals visible. Communicated to all necessary organizational members Puts everybody “on the same page.”,Exhibit 84Characteristics of Well-Designed Goals,p210,821,2.1 Types of Goals,Organizations have many type
15、s of goals Financial goalsStrategic goals; (2) Stated goals Real goals,822,2.1 Types of Goals,Financial goalsStrategic goals; Financial Goals （财务目标）- 绝对数值 Are related to the expected internal financial performance of the organization. Ex: McDonalds financial goal of 3-5% average annual sales and rev
16、enue growth Strategic Goals （战略目标）- 相对数值 Are related to the performance of the firm relative to factors in its external environment (e.g., competitors). Ex: Match or beat the performance of the competitive rivals,823,Types of Goals,Stated Goals versus Real Goals Stated Goals（陈述目标）: Official statements of what an organization says-and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe-its goals are. Ex. Universities are places of high education Real Goals（实际目标）: Goals that an or
