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1、供应链管理的设计 Design for Supply Chain Management,The Manufacturing Environment,Rapid Changes New products rapidly introduced Short, unknown product life cycles High Variety of Products Long Production Lead Times Increasing storage and transportation costs Difficult to forecast demand,制造业环境,快速的变革 新产品迅速推向市
2、场 产品生命周期更短，无法预测 产品的高度多样性 长的生产提前期 不断增加的存储和运输成本 很难预测需求,The Goals of the Manufacturing Organization,Responsiveness Competitive pricing Efficiency Customer service,Conflicting Goals!,制造业组织的目标,响应 竞争性定价 效率 客户服务,互相冲突的目标！,Why Do These Goals Conflict?,Forces for keeping low inventory inventory expensive low
3、salvage values Forces for keeping high inventory long lead times customer service is important demand is hard to predict reduction in transportation quantity,这些目标为什么相互冲突？,保持低库存的动力 库存成本 低残值 保持高库存的动力 提前期长 客户服务很重要 需求很难预测 降低运输量,Design For Logistics,Product and process design key cost drivers of product
4、cost Design for Manufacturing used design to decrease manufacturing costs Major supply chain costs include transportation costs, inventory costs, distribution costs,物流设计,生产和流程设计降低制造过程成本供应链成员参与 制造设计降低制造成本供应链成员参与 供应链的主要成本包括运输成本、库存成本和配送成本,Design For Logistics,Design for Logistics uses product design to
5、 address logistics costs Key Concepts of Design for Logistics Economic packaging and transportation Concurrent/Parallel Processing Standardization,物流设计,通过产品设计降低物流成本 物流设计的关键概念 包装与运输的经济性 并行 / 平行工艺 标准化,Economic Transportation and Storage,Design products so that they can be efficiently packed and stored
6、 Design packaging so that products can be consolidated at cross docking points Design products to efficiently utilize retail space,运输和储存的经济性,将产品设计成能有效包装和储存 将包装设计成能在直接转运点统一处理的形式 将产品设计成能有效利用零售空间的形式,Examples,Ikea Worlds largest furniture retailer 131 stores in 21 countries Large stores, centralized man
7、ufacturing, compactly and efficiently packed products Rubbermaid Clear Classic food containers - designed to fit 14x14” Wal-Mart shelves,实例,宜家 全球最大家具零售商 在21个国家拥有131家店 大库存、集中化生产、紧密和有效率的包装 Rubbermaid公司 生产一流的食物容器，包装设计适合沃尔玛货架的尺寸14x14”,Concurrent/ Parallel Processing,Objective is to minimize lead times A
8、chieved by redesigning products so that several manufacturing steps can take place in parallel Modularity/Decoupling is key to implementation Enables different inventory levels for different parts,并行 / 平行工艺,目标是最小化提前期 通过重新设计产品以使几个生产步骤并行进行来达到这一目标 模块化 / 分解制造的执行的关键 允许不同的零部件有不同的库存水平,The Network Printer E
9、xample,Stage 1 (Europe),Stage 2 + Integration (Far East),Customer (Europe),Board,Printer,Stage 1 (Europe),Integration (Europe),Customer (Europe),Board,Printer,Plastics, motors, etc.,Stage 2 (Far East),网络打印机实例,阶段1 (欧洲),阶段 2 + 装配 (远东),客户 (欧洲),线路板,打印机,阶段 1 (欧洲),装配 (欧洲),客户 (欧洲),线路板,打印机,外壳、电机等,阶段 2 (远东),
10、Standardization,Shortening lead times is not always possible How else can inventory levels be reduced and forecast accuracy improved? Standardization of products and processes Product commonality Process commonality,标准化,缩短提前期并不总是可行的 还能做些什么以降低库存水平，提高预测准确度？ 生产和流程的标准化 模块化产品 模块化流程,Modularity in Product
11、and Process,Modular Product: Can be made by appropriately combining the different modules It entails providing customers a number of options for each module Modular Process: Each product undergo a discrete set of operations making it possible to store inventory in semi-finished form Products differ
12、from each other in terms of the subset of operations that are performed on them,生产和流程的模块化,模块化产品： 可以通过不同模块的适当组合生产 这导致消费者对每一模块可以有一系列选择 模块化流程： 每一种产品通过一系列离散的操作进行生产，使它能够以在制品状态保存 产品的差异化通过在生产过程中完成不同的操作来实现,Modularity in Product and Process,Semiconductor wafer fabrication is modular since the type of chip pr
13、oduced depends on the unique set of operations performed Oil refining is not modular since it is continuous and inventory storage of semi-finished product is difficult,生产和流程中的模块化,半导体晶片的生产就是模块化的，因为这类晶片的生产是由一系列特别的操作实现的 石油精炼不是模块化的，因为它是连续的，而且存储在制品是很困难的,Modularity in Product and Process,Are modular produ
14、cts always made from modular processes?,生产和流程中的模块化,模块化产品总是通过模块化流程生产的吗？,Modularity in Product and Process,Modular products are not always made from modular processes Bio-tech and pharmaceutical industries make modular products but use non-modular processes; many products are made by varying the mix o
15、f a small number of ingredients,生产和流程中的模块化,模块化产品并不总是通过模块化流程生产 生物技术和医药产业生产模块化产品，但使用非模块化流程，许多产品是通过微调组成万分而生产的,Types of Standardization,Part Standardization Common parts are used across many processes Product redesign might be necessary Process Standardization Standardizing as much of the process as pos
16、sible, making a generic or family product Delaying differentiation Called “Delayed differentiation”, “Postponement”,标准化的种类,部件标准化 通用部件可以在很多流程中使用 可能需要重新设计产品 流程标准化 在生产同一类产品时使流程尽可能标准 延迟差异化 产品差异化延迟或推迟,Postponement: Example,Demand for black t-shirts 50% probability 100 50% probability 200 Same for white t-shirts Production alternatives Produce 150 of each color ahead of time Produce 300 which can be dyed after demand is observed,延迟：实例,对黑色T恤衫的需求 50%的概率为 100 50%的概率为 200 对白色T恤衫的需求与此相同 可选择的生产方法
