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1、Executive Summary,This chapter looks at how corporations issue securities to the investing public. The basic procedure for selling debt and equity securities are essentially the same. This chapter focuses on equity.,Chapter Outline,19.1 The Public Issue 19.2 Alternative Issue Methods 19.3 The Cash O
2、ffer 19.4 The Announcement of New Equity and the Value of the Firm 19.5 The Cost of New Issues 19.6 Rights 19.7 The Rights Puzzle 19.8 Shelf Registration 19.9 The Private Equity Market 19.10 Summary and Conclusions,19.1 The Public Issue,The Basic Procedure Management gets the approval of the Board o
3、f Directors. The firm prepares and files a registration statement with the SEC. The SEC studies the registration statement during the waiting period. The firm prepares and files an amended registration statement with the SEC. If everything is copasetic with the SEC, a price is set and a full-fledged
4、 selling effort gets underway.,The Process of A Public Offering,Steps in Public OfferingTime 1. Pre-underwriting conferences 2. Registration statements 3. Pricing the issue 4. Public offering and sale 5. Market stabilization,Several months 20-day waiting period Usually on the 20th day After the 20th
5、 day 30 days after offering,An Example of a Tombstone Advertisement,19.2 Alternative Issue Methods,There are two kinds of public issues: The general cash offer The rights offer Almost all debt is sold in general cash offerings.,19.3 The Cash Offer,There are two methods for issuing securities for cas
6、h: Firm Commitment Best Efforts There are two methods for selecting an underwriter Competitive Negotiated,Firm Commitment,Under a firm commitment underwriting, the investment bank buys the securities outright from the issuing firm. Obviously, they need to make a profit, so they buy at “wholesale” an
7、d try to resell at “retail”. To minimize their risk, the investment bankers combine to form an underwriting syndicate to share the risk and help sell the issue to the public.,Best Efforts,Under a best efforts underwriting, the underwriter does not buy the issue from the issuing firm. Instead, the un
8、derwriter acts as an agent, receiving a commission for each share sold, and using its “best efforts” to sell the entire issue. This is more common for initial public offerings than for seasoned new issues.,19.4 The Announcement of New Equity and the Value of the Firm,The market value of existing equ
9、ity drops on the announcement of a new issue of common stock. Reasons include Managerial Information Since the managers are the insiders, perhaps they are selling new stock because they think it is overpriced. Debt Capacity If the market infers that the managers are issuing new equity to reduce thei
10、r debt-equity ratio due to the specter of financial distress the stock price will fall. Falling Earnings,19.5 The Cost of New Issues,Spread or underwriting discount Other direct expenses Indirect expenses Abnormal returns Underpricing Green Shoe Option,The Costs of Public Offerings,Equity Proceeds D
11、irect CostsUnderpricing (in millions)SEOsIPOsIPOs 2 - 9.9913.28%16.96%16.36% 10 - 19.998.72%11.63%9.65% 20 - 39.996.93%9.70%12.48% 40 - 59.995.87%8.72%13.65% 60 - 79.995.18%8.20%11.31% 80 - 99.994.73%7.91%8.91% 100 - 199.994.22%7.06%7.16% 200 - 499.993.47%6.53%5.70% 500 and up3.15%5.72%7.53%,19.6 Ri
12、ghts,If a preemptive right is contained in the firms articles of incorporation, the firm must offer any new issue of common stock first to existing shareholders. This allows shareholders to maintain their percentage ownership if they so desire.,Mechanics of Rights Offerings,The management of the fir
13、m must decide: The exercise price (the price existing shareholders must pay for new shares). How many rights will be required to purchase one new share of stock. These rights have value: Shareholders can either exercise their rights or sell their rights.,Rights Offering Example,Popular Delusions, In
14、c. is proposing a rights offering. There are 200,000 shares outstanding trading at $25 each. There will be 10,000 new shares issued at a $20 subscription price. What is the new market value of the firm? What is the ex-rights price? What is the value of a right?,Rights Offering Example,What is the ne
15、w market value of the firm? There are 200,000 outstanding shares at $25 each.There will be 10,000 new shares issued at a $20 subscription price.,Rights Offering Example,What is the ex-rights price? There are 110,000 outstanding shares of a firm with a market value of $5,200,000. Thus the value of an
16、 ex-rights share is:,Thus the value of a right is $0.2381 = $25 $24.7619,19.7 The Rights Puzzle,Over 90% of new issues are underwritten, even though rights offerings are much cheaper. A few explanations: Underwriters increase the stock price. There is not much evidence for this, but it sounds good. The underwriter provides a form of insurance to the issuing firm in a firm-commitment underwriting. The proceeds from underwriting may be available sooner than the proceeds from a right
