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1、初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括 that, which, who(宾格 whom,所有格 whose)等,关系副词包括 where, when, why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:Mary likes music t
2、hat is quiet and gentle. ( 语)玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 The coat (that )I put on the desk is blue. ( 语)我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。2.which 用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.( 语)位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. ( 语)我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好
3、看。3.who, whom 用于指人,who 用作主语,whom 用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用 who 代替 whom, 也可省略。例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。 (作 语)Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)注意:that 的几种特殊形式(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which 可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+wh
4、ich/whom”结构。例如:This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。Do you know the girl with whom your teacher is talking. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:The city that/whic
5、h she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。(4)指物时关系词只能用 that 的情况:a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如:He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如:Is there anythin
6、g that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?c.先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时, 只能用 that,而不用 which.例如:This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用 that, 而不用 which.例如:I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能
7、清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that.例如:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?f.主句是 there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用 that,而不用 which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。关系代词作表语时一般不用 who,而用 that。如:He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中 that 是 was 的
8、表语)(5)关系词只能用 which,而不用 that 的情况:a.先行词为 that, those 时,用 which, 而不用 that.例如:Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which,而不用 that.例如:This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。五、关系副词的用法(1)when 指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。(2)where 指地
9、点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如: This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律关系代词 whom 或 which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+ 关系代词 whom (先行词指人)/which(先行词指物 )引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式) 。例:Mary is the girl w
10、hom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 玛丽就是我向她借书的女孩。Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 这是他曾经住过的房子吗?=Is this the room where he once lived?常见的有以下几种情况:1. where=in/on which 例:This is the room where / in which he l
11、ives. 这是他住的房间。I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场。2. when= on/in/at which 例:I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一年。I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党 的那一天。I still remember the hour when/at which the r
12、ocket was launched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射 的时刻。3. why=for which 例:This is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因。但下列情况下介词不能提前:用 who 代替 whom,用 that 代替 which 时,介词不能提前。例:Hes the boy who I learned English from.这是我向他学英语的男孩。This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。当 whom、which 省去时
13、介词不能提前。例:Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那儿 的男孩吗? This is the room he lived in. 这是他住过的房间。当 whom, which 作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例:Youre the very man whom Im looking for. 你正是我在找的那个人。一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which,
14、 who, whom, whose, as 等;关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有 3 个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人,在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked
15、 about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意:关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替,可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.如果在从句中做宾语,就用 w
16、hom 或 who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用 who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that 指人时,相当于 who 或者 whom;指物时,相当于 which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose