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1、Verbs and Verb Phrases,Part One: FINITE VERB PHRASES Part Two: NON-FINITE VERB PHRASES Part Three: PHRASAL VERBS,Part One FINITE VERB PHRASES,Finite Verb Phrase,Sentence Finite Clause S VP (Operator) predication All the men have done their best.,Finite verb phrase,Finite Clause S VP (Operator) Predi
2、cation (Aux. V.) Main V. tense (aspect) I can work. I am working.,The tense of the finite VP,The form of a Finite Verb Phrase (VP) changes in tense. There are 2 systems about the tense of the finite VP in English.,The tense of the finite VP,Tenses: System 1 (traditional): Tense = time + aspect e.g.
3、I have done it.- present perfect tense 4 types of time: present, past, future, past future 4 aspects: zero aspect (simple), continuous, perfect, continuous perfect Number of Tenses = 4 x 4 = 16 (tenses),The tense of the finite VP,System 2 (since 1970s):2 tenses (Present and Jane can enter from behin
4、d that curtain. (a modest command),may, can, cannot and must not for permission and prohibition:,You may/can (not stressed) smoke in this room.(= You are permitted (by me) to.) You may not/cannot/mustnt go.(= I do not permit you to./I oblige you not to.) You may not/cannot/mustnt take out of the lib
5、rary more than two books at a time. (= . not permitted by the rule.) You may not/cannot/mustnt play football in the park. If convicted, an accused person may appeal. (= has the right to),must, have (got) to, ought to, should, neednt for obligation:,We must rely on the statistics. (= We are obliged t
6、o.) ( We have to rely.) My doctor says I mustnt eat meat, but I dont have to take his advice if I dont want to.(mustnt/havent to prohibitiondont have to/havent got to/neednt - non-obligation),must, cannot/cant, will, would, should (ought to), might, wont, couldnt, should, have to be etc. for deducti
7、on, assumption and prophecy:,It must be very late now; I am very tired. There must be a mistake. He must be nearly eighty. You must be Mr. Smith.,Dare would rather; would sooner; would (just) as well; may/might as well不妨,3. Semi-auxiliary Verbs,be to, be able to (past, future being mentioned). The s
8、hoe needs (mending; being mended). The rule takes some (learning; being learned). That wont bear (thinking of; being thought of).,?,v. + doing (ger. of v.t./v.phr.) want, deserve, need, require, take, repay, stand, wont bear, be worth: This point deserves (mentioning., being mentioned). The shoe nee
9、ds (mending., being mended). The rule takes some (learning., being learned). That wont bear (thinking of., being thought of).,4. adj. + to do (inf.) The book is hard (to read; to be read). She is easy (to approach; to be approached).,?,adj. + to do (inf.) The book is hard to read. She is easy to app
10、roach.,be + to do (inf.) He is to blame. (or: to be blamed) The flat is to let. The causes are not far to seek. (* to be sought),Prepositions in a passive sentence,1. by + (agent) 2. with + (tool) 3. of + (material-identifiable) e.g. This is made of wood. 4. from + (substance-unidentifiable) The mat
11、erial is made from oil.,5. other prepositions: Youre wanted (by; on) the phone. He is known (to; by) everybody in the neighbourhood. She was beloved of all who knew her. (old use, = by) She was devoured of a dragon. (= by),?,Using other prepositions: Youre wanted (by, on) the phone. He is known (to,
12、 by) everybody in the neighbourhood. She was beloved of all who knew her. (old use, = by) She was devoured of a dragon. (= by),A policeman is known (with; by) the clothes he wears. (means, not agent) He was much flattered (with; by) her asking him to dinner. (cause),?,A policeman is known (with,by)
13、the clothes he wears. (a means, not an agent) He was much flattered (with,by) her asking him to dinner. (cause),Passive Voice in imperative sentences,Move the table into the living room. Let the table (move; moved; be moved) into the living room. Dont forget to water the flowers. Let it (not forget;
14、 not forgotten; not be forgotten) to water the flowers.,?,Passive Voice in imperative sentences,Move the table into the living room. Let the table (move, moved, be moved) into the living room. Dont forget to water the flowers. Let it (not forget, not forgotten, not be forgotten) to water the flowers
15、.,Double/Multiple Passive Voice,He is said to have been promoted for what he has done. The criminal is said to have been sentenced to be put before the public.,Purposes of using the passive,To emphasize the agent: “Who invented the telephone?”“It was invented by Graham Bell.” To emphasize the verb (the action): The police were totally misled. His books were well taken care of.,Thank you!,
