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1、,The subjunctive mood 虚拟语气,语气,英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式， 一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(常用在条件状语从句中或让步状语从句中)； 一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (常用在名词性从句中)。 简而言之，即：不是事实或不大可能发生的事情，就用虚拟语气来表述,虚拟语气的概念,虚拟语气的常考形式：,If 引导的条件句,a. if真实条件句 表示条件是真的或有可能实现的, 采用陈述语气。,b.
2、 if虚拟条件句 表示条件是虚拟的或几乎无法实现的, 采用虚拟语气。,if真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况很有可能发生,其中if是“如果”的意思,if条件从句 一般现在时,主句 will shall+动词原形 情态动词 + 动词原形,What will you do if it rains tomorrow?,I will sleep at home if it rains tomorrow.,if虚拟条件句 表示条件是虚拟的或几乎无法实现的, 采用虚拟语气。,if 引导的虚拟条件句,与现在事实相反,与过去事实相反,与将来事实可能相反,If Yao Jiaxin had driven mor
3、e carefully, he would not have caused the car accident in May,2009.,与过去事实相反,If he had got up earlier , he could have caught the train.,与过去事实相反,If I had a great deal of money, I would buy a villa (别墅) for my parents.,与现在事实相反,If I met Obama some day, I would shake hands with him. If I were to meet Oba
4、ma some day, If I should meet Obama some day, ,与将来事实相反,1、If+主语+动词过去式 2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形 3、If+主语+should +动词原形,If+主语+ 动词的过去式 （be动词一般用were),主语+would ( should / might / could )动词原形,即：If+一般过去时态 （be动词一般用were),If+主语+had +动词的过去分词,即：If+过去完成时态,主语 + would ( should / might / could )have done,主语+would ( shoul
5、d / might / could )动词原形,1.John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him. A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told,【答案】D 【解析】主从句都是对过去发生事实的一种意愿表达，从句采用have done的结构，故选D。,2.If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken
6、 C. took D. have taken,【答案】B 【解析】主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反选B。,3.If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow,【答案】C,4.-The weather has been very hot and dry. -Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better no
7、w! And my vegetables _. A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died,【答案】 D 【解析】表示与过去事实相反的假设，故主句用would/could/might/should+have done，即D项正确。,注意以下问题：,1. 错综时间虚拟条件句 2. (if省略) 倒装虚拟条件句 3. 含蓄条件句,通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。虚拟条件句和主句动作如发生的时间不一致，主句和从句的
8、谓语要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，这种句子叫做错综时间条件句。,3、错综时间虚拟句（混合虚拟条件句),1）从句与过去相反，主句与现在相反 If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today. 2) 从句与现在相反，主句与过去相反 If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. 3)从句与现在相反，主句与将来相反 If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. 4)从句与过去相反，主
9、句与将来相反 If they had left home in the early morning, they would arrive in half an hour,1).如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 2).如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party 3).假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新 房，很可能现在还住在危房里。 I
10、f you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.,If he _ his legs yesterday, he _ with us now. A. hadnt hurt ; would go B. hadnt hurt; would have gone C. didnt hurt; would go D. didnt hurt; would have gone,2. 在虚拟条
11、件句中，如果条件句中有were, had（助动词）或should时，可使用倒装结构，但if必须省略。若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had等缩略成werent，shouldnt，hadnt置于句首。,1). Had I seen him then, I would have been very happy. = If I had seen him then, I would have been very happy. 2). Should I have time, I would go with you. = If I should have t
12、ime, I would go with you. 3). Were I not so busy, I would go with you. = If I were not so busy, I would go with you.,补充例句： 要不是 (固定句式) If it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work yesterday. = Had it not been for , If it were not for lacking money, I would go travelling right n
13、ow. = Were it not for lacking money, ,与过去事实相反,与现在事实相反,这样的虚拟句不含有if从句，而是以but 、but for、without、or、otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句，主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。 But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 要是没有你的建议,我就不会那么成功地完成它。,4、含蓄条件句,虚拟条件不直言， 都在上下文中联； 要不是没有就缺乏，要不然否则就假设，,but for要不是, without没有, in
14、the absence of, 缺乏时， or else否则，不然的话 otherwise 否则 suppose 假设 providing如果，假设,含蓄条件句,but for要不是, without没有,(1) I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.（副词）,(2) He telephoned to tell me of your birthday, or / otherwise I would have known nothing about it.（连词）,直陈语气,虚拟语气,直
15、陈语气,虚拟语气,(3) I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.（连词）,直陈语气,虚拟语气,(5) 用介词短语代替条件状语从句常用的介词有with, without, but for 等。如： What would you do with a million dollars? We could not have finished the work ahead of time without your help. But for the rain, we would have finished the work.,=If yo
16、u had a million dollars, what would you do?,=If we hadnt got your help / If you hadnt helped us, ,=If it hadnt been for the rain, ,虚拟语气,虚拟语气,虚拟语气,Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ it without you. A. can manage B. could have managed C. could managed D. can have managed,1. If my father _ here now, he _ tell me what to do. were; would was; will had been; would is; will,Exercise,A,2. If he _
