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1、Unit 13 Translation of Long sentences,1. presentation,翻译是把一种语的话语转换为另一种语言的话语，或是从语义到文本在译语中用最切近、最自然的对等语再现源浯的信息。翻译既是科学，又是艺术。这是中外许多翻译家给翻译下的一条主要定义。翻译之难，在外语界几乎人人皆知。而英汉长句、难句的翻译又是翻译中的主要难点，非煞费苦心、慎重处理不可。这里的长句，主要指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句，亦可多指含义较多的简单句 本文拟从英汉两种语言的共性和异性的角度，结合翻译理论技巧和典型例子，谈谈英汉长句互译的基本处理办法，同时强调长
2、句翻译过程中译者须注意的要点。,2. 英汉长句的翻译,21按原句顺序译 在英语和汉语中，许多句子表达的行为、事情或情感通常按其发生的时间顺序先后安排，也有不少句子按所表达的逻辑意义关系排列，这样大多数句子的主要成分的顺序基本一致。英汉长句主要成分的顺序亦是如此，故英汉长句的翻译通常可采用顺序法处理。,1We hear what they said and view what they did；we see them as if they were really alive；we sympathize with them，enjoy with them，grieve with them；thei
3、r experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe(转引自冯国华英译汉别裁) 我们如闻其声，如观其行，如见其人；我们同情他们，和他们悲喜与共；他们的感受成为我们自己的感受，我们觉得仿佛自己是在他们所描绘的场景中与他们同台扮演着角色。,2If we wish to be free-if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for whi
4、ch we have been so long contending；if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon，until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtainedwe must fight! (张培基，1980：197) 如果我们希望自由如果我们真想维护我们如此长期为之奋斗不解的珍贵权利
5、，使之完好无损，如果我们不想可耻地放弃我们如此长期从事的并发誓不达光荣目的决不罢休的崇高斗争那么，我们就必须战斗！,3世界正在发生深刻的变化：经济与科学技术的结合与日俱增；世界经济的重组加快步伐；经济繁荣不仅仅取决于资源和资本的总量，而且直接有赖于技术知识和信息的积累及其应用。 The world is undergoing profound changes：the integration of economy with science and technology is increasing, the restructuring of the world economy is speedin
6、g up，and economic prosperity depends not only on the total volume of resources and capital，but also directly on the accumulation and application of technological knowledge and information. (孙万彪2000：368),4只有在提高效益的前提下保持快速的经济增长，我们才能缓解企业生产经营困难，减轻就业压力，促进经济结构调整，增加财政收入，防范金融风险，保持社会稳定。 (ibid P182) And，only b
7、y maintaining rapid economic growth on the basis of better performance, can we mitigate the operating problems plaguing our enterprises，lighten unemployment pressure, promote strategic restructuring of the economy，increase state revenue，prevent financial risks and maintain social stability.(Pl88）,22
8、 逆原句顺序译 有些英语长句的主句和从句的排列序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至恰恰相反，遇到这样的句子时，就必须从原文后而译起，逆着原句的顺序译(张培基，1980：152) 。有些汉语长句译成英语时逆着原句顺序处理更符合英语习惯表达法。,5This will remain true whether we are dealing with the application of psychology to advertising and political propaganda, or science to the problem of overpopulation or old age. (转引自林相
9、周英语理解与翻译) 无论我们说的是把心理学应用于广告宣传和政治宣传，还是把工程学应用于大众传播媒体，或是把医学运用于人口过剩问题和老年问题，这种情况总是如此。,6Furthmore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups-when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” (1995年英语八级翻译试卷） 况且，当
10、我们心理上无法将之(暴行、邪恶等)驱逐出去的时候，当我们不能将之作为异己分子一时的古怪念头加以饶恕的时候，当我们不得不承认它们是我们的一部分的时候，对它们置之不理就难上加难了。,7There are several reasons why he (Kissinger) no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself，he has a te
11、ndency toward megalomania. 全世界报界曾经把他(基辛格)渲染成魔术师一般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错觉，因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂的倾向。现在，他看来不再像魔术师了，这里有几个原因。(出处同例5，P210-211）,8积极帮助发展中国家克服邮政建设中面临的困难，努力缩小发展中国家与发达国家在邮政领域的差距，应成为国际邮政合作的当务之急。(梅德明，2000：106） It should be the pressing task in international postal cooperation to actively help developing coun
12、tries overcome difficulties in their development of postal services and to energetically narrow the gap between the developing and the developed countries in this field,9其四，对利用、教唆未成年人走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品，或者向未成年人出售毒品的，引诱、教唆、欺骗或者强迫未成人吸食、注射毒品的，因走私、贩卖、运输、制造、非法持有毒罪被判过刑又有毒品罪行为的，从重处罚。(北京周报，2000(28)：37） Fourth, se
13、vere punishment shall be imposed on those who make use of or instigate minors to smuggle, traffic, transport or manufacture drugs，sell drugs to minors，or lure, instigate, deceive or force them into taking or injecting drugs, and on those who have again committed drug-related crimes after having been
14、 convicted of the crime of smuggling, trafficking, transporting, manufacturing or illegally holding drags.,23适当调整原句顺序 由于英语和汉语的习惯表达法存在许多差异，所以英汉互译时，适当调整原句顺序是非常普遍的事。这里所谓的适当调整原句顺序，是指原句的某个成分或某些成分在译句中的位置不同于它们在原句中的位置，这样的位置调整足以目的语的表达习惯为基础的。,10Countless others have written on this theme, and it may be that I
15、 shall pass unnoticed among them；if so I must comfort myself with the greatness and splendor my rivals，whose work will rob my own of recognition 有关这个题目的其他著作数不胜数，我写的书可能淹没其间，无人垂顾；若是如此，那是因为我的竞争对手博大精深，才华横溢，所以他们的著作才会使我的作品默默无闻，我必须借此聊以自慰。 (出处同例1）,11The problem of possible genetic damage to human population
16、 from radiation exposures, including those resulting from the fallout from testing of atomic weapons，has quite properly claimed much popular attention in recent years. (出处同例5，206） 人类基因由于受到辐射影响，包括原子武器实验产生的放射性散落物所造成的辐射影响，而可能遭到损伤，这个问题近年来已经理所当然地引起了人们的广泛关注。,12上海博物馆有馆藏珍贵文物12万件，包括青铜器、陶瓷器、书法、绘画、雕塑、家具、玉牙器、竹木漆器、甲骨、玺印、钱币、少数民族工艺等21个门类，其中青铜器、陶瓷器和书画为馆藏三大特色。(转引自梅德明编著高级口译教程，上外教社，179) With bronze ware，ceramics and paintings and works of calligraphy as itsdistinctive collections，Shahghai Mu
