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1、Unit 4 Responsibility of Scientists,In this unit, you will learn about ancient Chinas contribution to modern science; research “Four Great Inventions”, “The Genius of China” and “The Nobel Prize” on the Internet and find reliable information; learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related t
2、o the theme and use them in writing and speech; learn strategies such as listening for numbers and statistics (listening), scanning (reading), using the sources (discussing), achieving lexical variety (writing), etc; give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.,Background Information
3、,Approaching the Topic,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercises,Background Information,about Technological Ethics,The Manhattan Project,Albert Einstein,The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists,Fritz Haber,about Technological Ethics,If there is technological advance withou
4、t social advance, there is, almost automatically, an increase in human misery. Michael Harrington There is an evil tendency underlying all our technologythe tendency to do what is reasonable even when it isnt any good. Robert Pirsig Humanity is acquiring all the right technology for all the wrong re
5、asons. R. Buckminster Fuller,about Technological Ethics,With every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity of realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. Bertrand Russell,Alber
6、t Einstein,Albert Einstein, (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). He is best known in popular culture for his massenergy equivalence formula E = mc2
7、(which has been dubbed the worlds most famous equation). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Einstein was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and,
8、being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences.,Albert Einstein,He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential d
9、evelopment of extremely powerful bombs of a new type and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as
10、a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the RussellEinstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.,The Manhattan Project,The M
11、anhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army
12、Corps of Engineers. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhat
13、tan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion. Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and producing the fissile materials, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. Research and production took place at m
14、ore than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.,The Russell-Einstein Manifesto,The RussellEinstein Manifesto was issued in London on 9 July 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leade
15、rs to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including Albert Einstein, who signed it just days before his death on 18 April 1955. A few days after the release, philanthropist Cyrus S. Eaton offered to sponsor a
16、conferencecalled for in the manifestoin Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Eatons birthplace. This conference was to be the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, held in July 1957.,The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientist,The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists (ECAS) was founded by Albert Einstein and Le Szilrd in 1946. Its aims were to warn the public of the dangers associated with th
