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1、老年人常见疾病及护理,-会昌县老年护理院张智勇,一、学习目标,掌握老年人疾病的特点 了解老年人常见疾病的临床表现,二、老年人疾病的特点,1、衰老和疾病并存 2、综合征多见 3、发病急、进展快 4、症状不典型 5、病程反复发作 6、疾病长而恢复慢 7、易合并意识和心理障碍 8、易发生药物不良反应,1、慢性支气管炎,概述 因好发于老年人，故又称为“老年慢性支气管炎”，简称“老慢支”，是指气管、支气管粘膜及周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。 临床上以咳嗽、咳痰和或伴有喘息及反复发作的慢性过程为特征。 是一种危害老人健康的常见病、多发病，反复发作可发展为肺气肿、肺心病（简称COPD） 本病男性较女性为多，有
2、明显的季节性，寒冷季节多急性发作，温暖季节可自行缓解。 患病率随年龄增长而增加，老年人平均患病率为15%左右，有些地区高达20%-30%。,1、慢性支气管炎,（又称“慢支”或“老慢支”） 病因：吸烟、感染、环境污染、气候、过敏、免疫功能减低 临床表现 症状：咳、痰、喘（喘息性支气管炎）、炎 体征：急性期：散在干、湿性啰音、呼吸音粗,1、慢性支气管炎,护理 1、注意保暖，及时添加衣被，预防感冒，有条件的老年人接种流感育苗。 2、戒烟。 3、喘息性支气管炎的老人初春时节应尽量少到花丛中活动，避免接触花粉。 4、坚持适量运动，提高老人身体素质。 5、加强营养，根据老人健康状况，制定科学的营养膳食方案
3、，宜以低盐、低脂、低糖清淡饮食为主。 6、遵医嘱，督促发作期的老人按时服药、打针治疗并观察治疗反应。老人剧烈咳嗽时要帮助老人拍背排痰，安抚老人；最好为老人准备一个痰盂或痰杯。,2、高血压病,概述 老年高血压病是指以动脉血压升高，常伴有心、脑、肾损害为特征的全身性疾病。 其诊断标准：在未服降压药、安静状态连续三次非同日血压测量，有二次收缩压140mmhg和或舒张压90mmhg，并排除假性和继发性高血压，即可诊断。,2、高血压病,病因 老年高血压病的发病原因尚不十分明确，与年龄、肥胖、摄盐量、精神情绪、遗传和个人生活习惯相关。 临床表现： 1、大多数老年患者起病缓慢，多在体检时发现，可伴有头痛、头
4、晕、眼花、耳鸣、乏力等症状。 2、老年高血压病具有血压波动大、症状少和并发症多等特点。,2、高血压病,3、并发症： 随病程进展，可导致心、脑、肾等脏器损害。 （1）脑部损害：脑中风。 （2）心脏损害：高血压性心脏病。 （3）肾脏损害：高血压肾病，晚期可发展成尿毒症。 护理 1、向老人介绍高血压病防治知识，合理安排生活，劳逸结合，保持良好心态，避免不良刺激。 2、劝诫老人改变不良生活习惯，戒烟忌酒，保证充足睡眠。,2、高血压病,3、养成定时排便习惯，多吃蔬菜、水果和富含植物纤维的食物，适量饮水，保持大便通畅。 4、定期测量血压，坚持长期服药，保持血压在正常范围。 5、给老人提供低盐（3-5克日）
5、、低脂、低胆固醇饮食，肥胖老人应适当限制热量摄入，以减轻体重。 6、适量运动。 7、一旦发现血压持续性升高或出现头晕、头痛、恶心等症状，应停止一切活动，嘱老人放松，就地休息，做好安抚，并及时报告家属和医生。,2、高血压病,三个半分钟、三个半小时最简单、有效预防高血压并发症的方法 1、三个半分钟：醒来躺在床上半分钟、坐起来又坐半分钟、两腿垂在床沿半分钟。可以预防体位性低血压、脑缺血、摔倒、骨折，减少脑中风、心肌梗塞和猝死事件发生。 2、三个半小时：早上起来运动半小时、午睡半小时、晚上漫步行走半小时。可以增强体质，提高生活质量,3、冠心病,概述： 全称“冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”。 是指冠状动脉粥
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