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1、 图形用户界面历史 |图形用户界面（GUI）详细发展历史History of the graphical user interfaceThe graphical user interface, or GUI, is a computer interface that uses graphic icons and controls in addition to text. The user of the computer utilizes a pointing device, like a mouse, to manipulate these icons and controls. This w
2、as a great leap forward from the command line interface used in other operating systems, in which the user types a series of text commands to the computer. Initial DevelopmentsThe first concept of a windowing system begins with the first real-time graphic display systems for computers, namely the SA
3、GE Project and Ivan Sutherlands Sketchpad. Augmentation of Human IntellectDoug Engelbarts Augmentation of Human Intellect project at SRI in the 1960s developed the On-Line System, which incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows. Xerox PARCEngelbarts work directly led to the advances at
4、 Xerox PARC. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. The Xerox PARC team codified the WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointers/pull-down menus) paradigm, first pioneered on the Xerox Alto experimental computer, but which eventually appeared commercially in the Xerox 8010 (Star
5、) system in 1981. Apple Lisa and MacintoshBeginning in 1979, led by Jef Raskin, the Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first commercially successful product to us
6、e a GUI. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper; directories looked like ; there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired; and the user could delete files and folders by dragging
7、 them to a trash can on the screen. There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xeroxs PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of Apples Lisa and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive. The Macintoshs GUI has been revised with t
8、ime since 1984, with a major update with System 7, and underwent its largest revision with the introduction of the Aqua interface in 2001s Mac OS X. VisiOnGraphical user interface primarily designed for spreadsheets by the company that wrote the legendary VisiCalc spreadsheet. First introduced the w
9、indows concept and a mouse to the PC environment, in 1983. Preceded the first Microsoft Windows implementations. VisiOn never took off because it could not be used to run other MS-DOS applications and was buggy and expensive. Inspired the multitasking system DESQview. Amiga IntuitionAmiga computers
10、developed a GUI in 1985 called Intuition. In this GUI directories were shown as filing cabinet drawers. The Amiga GUI was unique for its time because it featured a pop-up command line interface (CLI) for those times when a GUI does not offer enough control. GEMAt the same time Microsoft was developi
11、ng Windows in the 1980s, Digital Research developed the GEM Desktop GUI system. GEM was created as an alternative window system to run on IBM PC systems, either on top of MS-DOS (like Microsoft Windows) or on top of CPM-86, DRs own operating system that MS-DOS was patterened after. GEM achieved mini
12、mal success in the PC world, but was later used as the native GUI on the Atari ST machines. GEOSGEOS was another very early graphical desktop system. Originally written for the 8 bit home computer Commodore 64 it was later ported to IBM PC systems. It came with several application programs like a ca
13、lendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for America Onlines DOS client. Compared to the competing Windows 3.0 GUI, it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware. Revivals were seen in the HP OmniGo handhelds, Brother GeoBook line of laptop-appliances, and the New Dea
14、l Office package for PCs. Related code found its way to earlier Zoomer PDAs, creating an unclear lineage to Palm, Incs later work. Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft modeled the first version of Windows, released in 1985, on the GUI of the Mac OS. Windows 1.0 was a GUI (graphic user interface) for the MS-DO
15、S operating system that had been the standard OS for with IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981. Windows 2.0 followed, then in 1990 the Windows 3.0 launch was when the popularity of Windows really exploded. The GUIs of subsequent versions of Windows have been similar to the GUI of Windows 3.0.
16、In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft for copyright infringement of the Lisa and Apple Macintosh GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apples claims were denied. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied, and Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997 as a side note in a broader announcement of investment and cooperation. RISC OSEarly versions of what became cal
