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1、无机化合物的命名,Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemicals,element,compound,一. 元素和单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element or elementary substance”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。,S-block Element (S区元素),IA Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Rubidium (Ru) Cesiu
2、m (Ce) Francium (Fr),IIA Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Strontium (Sr) Barium (Ba) Radium (Ra),P26,III A boron (B) Aluminium (Al) Gallium (Ga) Indium (In) Thallium (Tl),IV A Carbon (C) Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb) plumbi,V A Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Arsenic (As) anti
3、mony (Sb) Bismuth (Bi),VIA oxygen (O) sulfur (S) Selenium (Se) Tellurium (Te) Polonium (Po),VIIA fluorine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I) Astatine (At),0 Helium (He) Neon (Ne) argon (Ar) Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe) Radon (Ra),P-block Element (P区元素),二.化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示
4、原子个数时使用前缀： (1)mono-,(2)di -, (3)tri- , (4)tetra- ,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-, (7)hepta-, (8)octa-, (9)nona-, (10)deca- ， 但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽 可能被省去。,monovalent: 单价的 carbon dioxane: CO2tribromethane: CHBr3; tetrachloromethane: CCl4 CO (Carbon monoxide) NO (Nitrogen oxide) NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide) N2O3 (Nitrogen t
5、rioxide) N2O5 (Nitrogen pentoxide) N2O (nitrous oxide)FeO (Ferrous oxide) ,Fe2O3 (Ferric oxide); MnO (Manganous oxide) Mn2O3 (Manganic oxide), H2MnO4 (Manganic acid) MnO2 (Manganese dioxide),VB: valence bond theory MO: molecular orbital theory,1. 化合物正电荷部分的读法,1.1 Single valence ions Cations name = El
6、ement for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium 如: CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a, o在后-o之前省去),ion: 离子 anion： 阴离子 cation: 阳离子,1.2 Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element (N) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iro
7、n(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),2. 化合物负电荷部分的读法,2.1 Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride,2.2 Polyatomic oxyanions,2. 2. 1
8、 Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate For example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,2.2.2 Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite For example: ClO- Hypoc
9、hlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,2.2.3 Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name = Per-Central Elements root -ate For example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate,2.2.4 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。 高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -
10、ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代 举例： HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
11、 HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,3. Naming compounds,3.1 Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide For example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium perox
12、ide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide For example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,3.2 Nonmetal oxide,4. 非金
13、属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 4.1 对于卤族和氧族氢化物，H在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride,4.2 对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-a
14、ne，氮族还可加-ine。 举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane NH3: ammonia,5. 无氧酸,命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid 举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid HF: hydrofluoric acid HBr: hydrobromic aicd,总结:,H2SO4 （+6） Sulfu
15、ric acid (正),H2SO3 （+4） sulfurous acid; (亚),H2SO5 Peroxy sulfuric,（过）,H2SO7 （+6） Pyro sulfuric, acid) (焦),H2S2O3 (Thiosulfuric acid） e.g. Na2S2O3（硫代）,-H2O,-O-O-,-O,S O,HPO3 （偏） (Meta phosphoric, ),H3PO4 (正) (Phosphoric, ),H3PO3 （亚）(Phosphorous, ),H3PO2 (次) (Hypo-phosphorous, ),H4P2O7 (焦) (Pyro phosphoric, ),分子间 -H2O,分子内 -H2O,-O,-O,+ 5,+ 3,+ 1,H3BO3 (Ortho boric, ) (原);,HClO (Hypochlorous acid ) (次),HClO3 (Chloric acid) (正),HClO4 (Perchloric acid) (高),HClO2 (Chlorous acid) (亚),-O,-O,-O
