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1、Chapter 2,Understanding Cultures and Their Values,Learning Objectives,By the end of this chapter, you should be able to Define culture and cultural value Identify the ingredients and the characteristics of culture Appreciate the basic values of your own culture and the culture of others Understand h
2、ow cultural differences in work-related values shape behavior,Culture Defined,Origin of Culture,Culture: derived from the Latin word “colere”, which could be translated as “to build”, “to care for”, “to plant” or “to cultivate”. Thus, “culture” usually referred to something that is derived from or c
3、reated by the intervention of humans.,From Intellectual Perspective,Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.,From Anthropologic Perspective,Culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people”.,Edward
4、Tylor,Cultureis that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.,Edward Sapir,Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. Language is a particular way of thought.,Kroeber and Klu
5、ckhohn,Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts.,Geert Hofstede,The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the membe
6、rs of one category of people from another. Culture is “software of the mind”.,Samovar and Porter,Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and
7、 possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.,Edward T. Hall,Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generat
8、ions in an identifiable group of people.,Ingredients of Culture,artifacts,concepts,behavior,Culture may be classified by three large categories of elementsAlmanet and Alwan (1982),Elements of Culture,artifacts (which includes items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to antibioti
9、cs to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes); concepts ( which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life); behavior ( which refers to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs).,Characteristics of Culture,Characteristics,Tran
10、smitted from generation to generation,Coherent and Learned,interrelated,Ethnocentric,Subject to change,Selective,Value Defined,From Intellectual Perspective,Ones principles or standards, ones judgment of what is valuable or important in life.,Geert Hofstede,A broad tendency to prefer certain states
11、of affairs over others.,Clyde Kluckhohn,A conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action.,Value System,A value system represents what is expected or hoped for,
12、 required or forbidden. It is not a report of actual conduct but is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.,The Core of Culture,Culture is like an iceberg,Culture is our software,Culture is like the water a fish swims in.,Symbols,Symbols refers to words, gestures, pi
13、ctures, or objects that carry a particular meaning only recognized by those who share the culture.,Heroes,“Heroes” is a term used to indicate persons, ordinary or famous, real or imaginary, as long as they possess characteristics that are highly prized and worshiped in a culture.,Rituals,Rituals are
14、 those collective activities that are considered socially essential within a culture.,Values,Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.,Categories of Values,How do we get our values?,From ones family From school education teachers From ones peers From society
15、 at large,How to find out about peoples values?,From peoples behavior From what people say about themselves From myths, tales of heroes, and rituals From folk tales, proverbs, sayings,Taxonomies used to analyze values,Kluckhohn dont try to change it Harmony Coexist with nature Mastery Change nature
16、through technology when necessary or desirable,Time Orientation,Past Emphasizes tradition Present Focuses on short-term Future Emphasizes long-term,Activity Orientation,Doing Emphasis on action, achievement, learning Being Emphasis on social status and position Being-and-becoming No one will be the same tomorrow as today,SocialRelationships,Individualistic People define themselves through personal characteristics and achievement Group-oriented People relate to and take respon
