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1、Grammar 非谓语动词 非谓语动词功能比较 to do的复合结构 -ing form的复合结构 非谓语动词的否定式 -ing form 与 pp 的区别 by liu xiaoyu,动词不定式的基本形式,被动语态,一般式,进行式,完成式,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,1.He is too young to have seen the old society. 2.The book is said to have been translated into Russian. 3.Come, I am suppose
2、d to be calling you to lunch. 4.You are too young to be meeting young man.,不定式与谓语同时发生 进行式 不定式比谓语先发生 完成式,ing-form 的基本形式,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,完成式,非谓语动词功能比较,eg.I like skating,but I dont like to skate today. Playing with fire is dangerous. Look out！To play with fire is dangerous.,eg.There is no joking about su
3、ch matters.,主语、表语、宾语,1. to do 表示具体的动作，-ing form表示泛指的动作。,2.“there is no +主语”句型中，多用-ing form.,eg.He attends the meeting being held in the room now. He attended the meeting held yesterday. He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.,2.表示被修饰词的内容时， 用to do.,eg.She has a strong wish to go to college.,1
4、.从时态上看，-ing form表示正在进行的动作 pp表示已经完成的动作，to do表示将来的动作。,定语,eg. I found him cooking supper. I found supper cooked when I got home. It is true I saw Henry cook supper.,-ing form与宾语为主动关系，强调动作正在进行； pp与宾语为被动关系，强调动作已经完成； to do只单纯表示一个事实，强调动作的全过程。,补语,作状语时的区别：,-ing form,pp表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,eg.they worked hard
5、 to pay for the necklace. I went to see him only to find him out. I am glad to see you.,to do表示1.目的; 2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结果。常用only强调。 3.原因表示造成情感变化的原因。,目的,结果,原因,非谓语动词的否定形式,Not + to do / -ing form,He decided not to do it. She wished never to see him again.,I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. No
6、t seeing John,I asked where he was. Not having done it right, I tried again.,-ing form 与 pp 的区别,-ing form表示主动，正在进行,pp表示被动，已经完成,作表语时或定语时，-ing form表示“令人” ,pp表示“感到”，常见的有下列感官动词：move ,surprise,astonish,delight,comfort,disappoint,puzzle,frighten,作宾补时，比较对象为宾语,作定语时，比较对象为被修饰词,作状语时，比较对象为句中主语,1.The story was _
7、,we were all _. A.moving,moving B.moved,moved C.moving,moved D.moved,moving 2.There is a _ expression on his face.Maybe the problem is too difficult for him. A.puzzled B.puzzling C.puzzle D.to puzzle 3.With his son too_, the father was sad. A.disappointed B.disappointing 4.She let out a _ voice and
8、we ran to her hurriedly. A.frightened B.frightening,1.I could feel the wind _ on my face from an open window. A.to blow B.blowing C.blown D.to be blowing 2.Well meet Mr.Black,_ as a famous scientist. A.knowing B.to be known C.known D.being known 3._ more time, we could do it better. A.Giving B.To gi
9、ve C.Given D.To be given 4.A young man _ novels came to us yesterday. A.to write B.writing C.written D.wrote 5.All the things_,his proposal is of greater value than yours. A.considered B.considering C.consider D.to consider 6._Sunday, the students are at home. A.Being B.To be C.It is D.It being,to d
10、o的复合结构,1.for sb. to do sth.,常见的形容词有：good=nice/bad, kind/cruel=rude, clever=wise/stupid=silly, right /wrong，sensible,2.of sb. to do sth.,sb.is/are adj.to do sth.,ing form的复合结构,1.形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+ing form 2.代词宾格/名词+ing form,主语 表语 宾语,宾语,1.To do the job is impossible.,2.It is necessary to study a foreign
11、language.,3.To do such a thing is stupid. =It is stupid to do such a thing.,4.It is wrong to tell a lie.,For a child to do the job is,=It is impossible to do the job.,It is necessary for students to study a,It is stupid of you to do such a thing.,It is wrong of him to tell a lie.,You are stupid to d
12、o such a thing.,He is wrong to tell a lie.,说出To do动作的执行者时，须用复合结构,1.Do you mind opening the door? 2.Going there saved us a good deal of trouble. 3.Being late again made the teacher angry.,Do you mind me/my opening ,Toms going there saved us a good ,His being late again made,说出-ing form动作的执行者时，须用复合结构,
13、1.Crossing the street,he was knocked down by a bus. 2.Being sick I stayed at home. 3.Seen in the light, it is not as serious as people suppose. 4.Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 5.He sat in the armchair,reading the newspaper. 6.The train spent too much time stopped, waiting for th
14、e other trains.,时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随,伴随,-ed form,used as an adjective or adverb,Grammar and usage,一、The -ing form used as Attribute （-ing形式作定语）,These female pigs are cloned. So we call them _pigs,These female pigs are cloned. So we call them pigs_,that/which are cloned,cloned,The kidnappers were using a _
15、car. (steal) The name _in the letter was unknown to me.（mention) The firemen were rescuing the people _ in the fire. (trap),stolen,mentioned,trapped,Scientific experiments which are carried out by students can be dangerous.,Scientific experiments _by students can be dangerous.,carried out,A few verb
16、-eds before nouns can express past meanings instead of passive meanings.,boiling water,比较,boiled water,fallen trees/ leaves escaped animals a retired president a lost envelope,falling leaves an escaping criminal a retiring president,比较,We can also put an adverb or something else before a verb-ed to form a compound verb-
