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1、Lesson 5 Agronomic Management Practices Affecting Tobacco QualityNew Words & ExpressionsBuyout n. a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company by buying all of its shares 全部买下、买断 Post-buyout 买断后MH maleic hydrazide 顺丁烯二酸酰肼，马来酰肼Alkaloids n. any of numerous organic bases (as morphi
2、ne) containing nitrogen and usually oxygen that occur especially in seed plants 生物碱Top v. to remove or cut the top of 给打顶Sucker n. a shoot from the lower part of the stem of a plant 腋芽Stalk n. a long narrow part of a plant supporting one or more leaves,flowers or fruits 柄、梗Nicotine n. a poisonous al
3、kaloid （C10H14N2） that is the chief active material of tobacco and is used as an insecticide 尼古丁Cure v. to preserve by drying it 晒、烘烤Mature a. fully grown and developed 成熟的Hornworm n. a kind of insects 天蛾幼虫Mo(u)ld n. a superficial growth produced especially on damp or decaying organic matter or on l
4、iving organisms 霉菌Blue mo(u)ld 青霉病Lay-by n. the final operation in the growing of a field crop 最后的田间作业Variegated v. marked in different colored spots,lines,areas etc 杂色的、斑驳的Sidedress v. to apply nutrients on one side of the plant roots 侧施肥Nondescript a. belonging to no particular class or kind 无归类的;
5、 not easily described 难以形容的Suckercide n. chemical product that prevents sucker from growing 腋芽抑制剂Contacts n. chemicals that kill insects by contacting them directly触杀剂Systemics n. a pesticide that as used is harmless to the plant, but when absorbed into its sap makes the entire organism toxic to pes
6、ts 内吸剂Versus prep. Against; in contrast to 对、和相比Priming n. picking up 采收，采摘Burley n. a thin-bodied air-cured tobacco grown mainly in Kentucky白肋烟TextIn 2005, tobacco will be produced and marketed without price support for the first time since 1939. Price schedules will reflect an emphasis on quality,
7、 with deep discounts for unripe and immature grades. In the post-buyout environment, profitability will be directly related to the marketing of quality tobacco produced at the lowest cost. A number of management practices affect tobacco quality. Some of the most important are as follows: 在2005年，烟草将自
8、1939年以来第一次在没有价格支持下生产和销售。价格表将反映对烟叶质量的重视，未熟等级将大幅降价。在后烟草配额买断的环境下，利润将直接与以最低成本生产的优质烟草的销售相关。 很多农艺措施影响烟草的质量，最重要的一些措施有： Nitrogen rate and time of application Topping and sucker control with minimal MH residues Harvest rate and ripeness Leaf separation by stalk position氮肥的施用量和施用时间 打顶和最少马来酰肼残留的腋芽控制 采收速率和成熟度 叶
9、片分部位采收Nitrogen Rate and Time of ApplicationNitrogen is the most important nutrient affecting tobacco yield and quality. As nitrogen rate increases, the following occur: Yield increases to a point then decreases. Leaf size increases, but leaf thickness decreases. Total alkaloids, including nicotine,
10、increase and sugars decrease in the cured leaf. Maturity and ripening are delayed. Cured leaf darkens. Sucker growth increases and sucker control decreases. Leaf drop and leaf break increase. Blue mold is more severe. Hornworm and aphid populations increase.氮肥的施用量和施用时间 氮素是影响烟草产量和质量的最重要的营养元素。随着氮用量的增加
11、，将会出现以下情况： 产量增加到一定值，然后下降。 叶面积增大，但叶厚度减小。在调制后叶片中，总生物碱、烟碱增加，糖减少。 成熟延迟。 调制后叶片变黑。 腋芽数增加，腋芽控制效果降低。 残伤增加。 霜霉病更加严重。 天蛾幼虫和蚜虫的虫口增加。Many growers spend considerable time choosing among sidedressers such as calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, 30 percent UAN liquid, and 24S UAN liquid. However, the data indicate tha
12、t in the southeastern United States the rate and time of application are more important than the sidedresser. Unless leaching occurs, nitrogen should not be applied after lay-by. Late season application delays ripening and results in variegated-unripe grades. 许多种植者花费了相当多的时间选择侧施肥料，比如硝酸钙、硝酸钠、30的UAN(尿素
13、硝铵)液体肥料和24S的UAN液体肥料。然而，数据表明：在美国东南部，氮肥的施用量和施用时间比侧施肥料更重要。除非发生淋洗，氮肥不应在烟草侧施肥后施用。后期施用延迟烟叶成熟，导致杂色-未熟等级的产生。Topping and Sucker ControlTopping tobacco in the button stage (soon after the flower begins to appear) rather than later increases yield and body if suckers are controlled. When tobacco plants are not
14、 topped for three weeks after reaching the button stage, yields are reduced by 20 to 25 pounds per acre per day, or about 1 percent per acre per day when normal yields are in the 2,000- to 2,500-pounds-per-acre range. 打顶和腋芽控制如果控制腋芽，烟草在现蕾期打顶比现蕾期之后打顶能够提高产量、增加身份。如果烟株在现蕾期后三周不打顶，则每天每英亩减少产量2025磅，或者在正常产量在每
15、英亩20002500磅的范围内时每天减少l的产量。Higher yields reduce per-pound production costs for acreage-related inputs such as chemicals, fertilizers, and some labor expenses. Topping early also improves chemical and physical qualities of the leaf by stimulating root development and alkaloid production and by reducing buildup of insects.高产减少了与面积相关的生产成本，如农药、肥料和一些劳动力支出。早打顶还通过刺激根系的发育、生物碱的生成以及减少害虫的危害而提高烟叶的化学和物理品质。Control of sucker growth is critical to maximizing yield because it allows the plant to concentrate resources on the production of leaves instead of suckers. Suckers can also interfere with mech
