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1、专 业 英 语,Physics English,Nanotechnology,一场微小世界的革命,2,1 纳米 = 10-9 米,一根头发丝直径的万分之一！,1 m,1 nm,1 m,Nanometer: 十亿分之一米,纳米是什么？,一种极小的尺度单位,1 mm,3,英国科学家阿尔培特佛朗克斯教授:,“在0.1-100纳米尺度范围起关键作用的科学技术领域。,纳米科技定义,美国“国家纳米技术倡议”（National Nanotechnology Initiative, NNI） 2000年，美国总统克林顿向国会提出NNI, 拉开全球纳米热的序幕。 科普作家伊凡阿莫托的提法:,“在纳米尺度上，从一
2、纳米到几百纳米介观范围内， 所从事的工作范畴。,中国“973”纳米材料与结构项目首席科学家张立德研究员:,“研究由尺寸在0.1-100纳米之间的物质组成的体系的 运动规律和相互作用以及 可能的实际应用中的技术问题的科学技术领域。,4,纳米科技思想从何而来？,Original Nanotechnology Vision,6,D. Eigler,AFM tip array,SAM,AFM tip,8,纳米家电？,纳米冰箱、纳米空调、纳米洗衣机？,在涂料或织物里加入一些纳米颗粒材料（或微粉）。,真正的纳米家电，目前还处在实验室里的研究阶段。,纳米添加剂纳米商业炒作 “纳米概念”、“纳米保健”,如“纳
3、米冰箱”: 添加了一些氧化钛纳米材料，具有一定的抗菌作用。,纳米时代的标志：高度发达的 纳米器件本身的研究水平及其广泛应用。,太空电梯 科学幻想？,Carbon Nanotubes 碳纳米管 碳管/钢铁,11,专 业 英 语,Physics English,Nanotechnology gets its name from a measure of distance. A nanometer, or nano, is one-thousand-millionth of a meter (十亿分之一米). This is the level of size of atoms and molecu
4、les. Nanotechnologists work with materials this small.,专 业 英 语,Physics English,Some experts credit the idea to physicist Richard Feynman. In 1959, this Nobel Prize winner gave a speech. He called it “Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Mister Feynman discussed the theory that scientists could make
5、 devices smaller and smaller - all the way down to the atomic level. He did not use the word nanotechnology, but for years this idea remained only a theory.,早在1959年,费曼就设想:“如果有朝一日人们能把百科全书存储在一个针尖大小的空间内并能移动原子,那么这将给科学带来什么!”,专 业 英 语,Physics English,At the time, no way existed to record structures the siz
6、e of molecules. Not even electron microscopes could do the job. But as the 1980s began, two researchers found a way. Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer worked at a laboratory in Zurich Switzerland. They worked for IBM, the American company International Business Machines.,IBM (International Business Ma
7、chines Corporation国际商业机器公司)。总公司在纽约州阿蒙克市公司，1911年创立于美国，是全球最大的信息技术和业务解决方案公司，目前拥有全球雇员 30多万人，业务遍及 160多个国家和地区。IBM 2008全年:营业收入为1036亿美元,税前利润167亿美元,每股收益为8.93美元。现任CEO为Samuel Palmisano（萨缪尔帕米沙诺）, 他的中文名叫彭明盛。,专 业 英 语,Physics English,They invented what they called a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This permit
8、ted scientist to observe molecules and even atoms in greater detail than ever before. Once they could see microscopic structures, the next step for scientists was to find a way to create their own.,专 业 英 语,Physics English,By the middle of the 1980s, scientists had increased their research on carbon.
9、 They were interested in the ability to use this common element to make nano-sized structures. Carbon had already been engineered in chemical reactions to make long polycarbonite chains (多碳链). Today, the result of carbon chemical engineering is everywhere - in the form of plastic.,16,专 业 英 语,Physics
10、 English,Scientists in the eighties wanted to create nano structures from carbon atoms. In 1985, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley succeeded. They aimed a laser at carbon. This powerful light caused some of the carbon to become a gas. The scientists cooled the gas to an extremely low tem
11、perature. Then they looked at the carbon material that remained. They found, among several kinds of carbon, a molecule of sixty atoms C60 (fullerene).,专 业 英 语,Physics English,C60 is a group of tightly connected carbon atoms that form a ball. It is a very strong structure. This is because all the ato
12、ms share any loose electrons that might take part in chemical reactions with other atoms. This kind of molecular carbon can also appear with different numbers of carbon atoms. There is also C70, for example.,专 业 英 语,Physics English,Research has shown that carbon nano-structures even happen in nature
13、. Scientist have found C60 and C70 structures in rock. These kinds of molecular structures had been unknown to science. For their work, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.,Smalley生前是美国得克萨斯州休斯敦市赖斯大学的一名化学教授，他和其他科学家共同发现了碳-60分子，这是一种外形与足球类似的碳分子，人们也
14、把它称为巴克敏斯特富勒烯或“巴基球”。与其他科研成果不同的是，有关碳-60的伟大发现使得研究人员相信，他们能够从原子到原子、从下到上构建材料。马里兰州贝塞斯达国家癌症研究所的代理主任Anna Barker表示，“Richard是整个纳米技术领域真正意义上的始祖”，国家癌症研究所如今正在进行一项耗资1.44亿美元的癌症纳米技术研究计划。,June 6, 1943 - October 28, 2005,Published Online July 22, 2010 Science Detection of C60 and C70 in a Young Planetary Nebula Scienti
15、sts have detected the largest molecules ever seen in space, in a cloud of cosmic dust surrounding a distant star. The football-shaped carbon molecules are known as buckyballs, and were only discovered on earth 25 years ago when they were made in a laboratory. These molecules are the third type of ca
16、rbon - with the first two types being graphite and diamond. The researchers report their findings in the journal science. Buckyballs consist of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere. The atoms are linked together in alternating patterns of hexagons and pentagons that, on the molecular scale, look exactly like a football. They belong to a class of molecules called buckminsterfullerenes - named after the architect richard buckminster fuller, who developed the geodesic dome(测地线拱顶) design tha
