《神经科学与行为教材课程》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《神经科学与行为教材课程（54页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behavior,Neural Communication,Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological
2、 psychologists, or biopsychologists Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system,Neural Communication,Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching termina
3、l fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Myelin MY-uh-lin Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Neural Communicati
4、on,Synapse SIN-aps junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sendin
5、g neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Serotonin Pathways,Dopamine Pathways,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Acetylchol
6、ine ah-seat-el-KO-leen a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction Endorphins en-DOR-fins “morphine within” natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure,Neural Communication,The Nervous System,Nervous System the bodys speedy, electrochemi
7、cal communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body,The Nervou
8、s System,The Nervous System,Nerves neural “cables” containing many axons part of the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs Sensory Neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system,The
9、Nervous System,Interneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skel
10、etal muscles,The Nervous System,Autonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in s
11、tressful situations Parasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy,The Nervous System,The Nervous System,The Nervous System,Reflex a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus,The Nervous System,Neural Networks interco
12、nnected neural cells with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning,The Brain,Lesion tissue destruction a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destructio
13、n of brain tissue,Electroencephalogram (EEG),an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp,The Brain,CT (computed tomography) Scan a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles an
14、d combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan PET (positron emission tomography) Scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task MRI (magnetic resonance imag
15、ing) a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain,PET Scan,MRI Scan,The Brain,Brainstem the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the
16、 spinal cord swells as it enters the skull responsible for automatic survival functions Medulla muh-DUL-uh base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing,The Brain,The Brain,Reticular Formation a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal Thalamus THAL-uh-muss the brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla,The B
