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1、独立主格结构 常见类型及其用法,概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。,构成 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+现在分词、过去分词；Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow 名词(
2、代词)/逻辑主语+形容词； The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+副词；Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. There being+名词 ；there being nothing else to do, we went home 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+不定式；She proposed a picnic, she herself to pay the railway ticke
3、ts, and Mary to provide the food. 名词(代词) /逻辑主语+介词短语 ；the teacher entered the classroom, book in hand It being + 名词：It being Xmas, the government office was closed,一、 独立主格的特点,独立主格的特点,1独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。,Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了
4、。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I) Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work),2独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开,The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the empero
5、r, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。,3独立主格结构中的being和having been常可以省略,All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗户开着，屋子里的空气更新鲜了。All the tickets(having been) sold out, we had to wait for the next weeks show.所有的票都卖出去了，我
6、们只好等下周的演出。,4大多数独立主格结构可以用“with+宾语+宾补”结构代替。,He went of, gun in hand.他手里拿着枪出去了。(gun in hand可以用with a gun in his hand代替)The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.由于地板很湿很滑，我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet为无动词独立主格结构，可用with the floor wet and slippery代替。),5独立主格有其特殊的使用场合，多用于书面，尤其是描述性语言中，口语中不经常使用。,Iris lay on the gr
7、assplot and her hands were crossed under her head.(口语) Iris lay on the grassplot , hands crossed under head.（书面） Iris头枕着手躺在草地上。 The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.（口语）The boy was knocked over, blood streaming down head.（书面）这个男孩被撞倒了，鲜血从头上留下来。,【注意】 1. 当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时
8、”，being不可以被省略。 2. 当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。,独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构在句中往往做表语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况。,【注意】独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。,1.表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句 The meal over, we began to work again.（=When the meal was over,we began to work again.）吃晚饭，我们又开始工作。The h
9、omework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.（=After the homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.）作业做完后，Jim决定去看戏 2.表原因，相当一个于原因状语从句 Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.（=Because her shirt was caught on a nail,）由于他的衬衫挂在钉子上了，所以她动不了。The window broken, the cold wind blew into
10、 the room.（=Because the window was broken, ）由于窗户坏了，冷风吹进了这间房。,3.表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句 Weather permitting, the football match will played on Wednesday.（=If weather permits, ）如果天气允许，足球比赛将在周三举行。The book written in simple English, it will be more popular.（=If the book is written in simple English, ）如果这本书用简易英语写
11、的，它会更畅销。 4.表方式或伴随状语或补充说明 She rushed into the room, a letter in her hand.（=, with a letter in her hand）她手里拿着封信冲了进来。Saddie sat alone, head bent.(=, with his head bent.)Saddie独自坐在那里，耷拉着脑袋 5.做定语，相当于一个定语从句 He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条2便没有路灯的马路上,非谓语动词独立主格
12、结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1. 不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。,2. 动词+ing形式的独立主
13、格结构动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.总督思
14、考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。,This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance.如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完
15、成这个工作。,3. 过去分词形式的独立主格过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。,其他形式的独立主格结构 1. 逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,A.逻辑主语+名词 a.Many students joined in the math competition, most of them children of no more than 10. 很多学生参加了这次数学竞赛，其中大多数人年仅10岁。I received many gifts, many of th
16、em books.我收到很多书，其中很多事书籍 b.逻辑主语+形容词 This section of road slippery, every driver can never be too careful.此路段很滑，所有司机都应小心谨慎。Arriving at the spot, they were all standing in surprise face to face, eyes wide open.一到现场，他们都面对面吃惊的站着，眼睛瞪得大大的 c.逻辑主语+副词 Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause.音乐一结束，所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。Nobody in, I had to wait.没人在，我只好等着 d.逻辑主语+介词短语 Many experts attended the conference, most of them from the States.很多专家参加了此次会议，其中很多人来自美国。The boy went off,
