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1、Part I. Orientation of ESP,1. What is ESP,ESP is a variation of English that is learnd/taught generally for a clearly utilitarian purpose.,It is unfair for English learners majoring in sciences to acquire English through classic literature works which is the traditional way of learning language. ESP
2、, as part of LSP, is more suitable for them in that it offers them opportunities to learn what they need and spare what they need not. Steven. P,ESP should be properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent re
3、asons for learning. Hutchison 2. have some idea of how this topic will be developed.,1. The Topic Sentence,As a writer, you should,1. allow readers to guess whats coming and thus understand it more easily; 2. allow them to avoid reading the paragraph altogether if the subject matter holds no interes
4、t for them.,1. The Topic Sentence,e.g.,The human body is made up of millions and billions of cells, each of which contains, among other substances, millions and billions of protein molecules. .,1. The Topic Sentence,e.g.,. An average cell contains hundred of different kinds of protein, and all of th
5、e cells of the human body contain, among them, as many as 100,000 different kinds of proteins. These proteins can perform millions of different functions, a versality which is largely responsible for the phenomenon called “llife”.,2. Patterns of Organization,some of the most commonly used patterns i
6、n EST,1. choronological description; 2. cause-and-effect analysis; 3. comparison and contrast; 4. listing; 5. general-to-particular ordering of details.,2. Patterns of Organization,the choronological description;,feature 1: time adverbs and phrases;,in 1995, last week, at 10:15, first, second, soon
7、after the project began, .,2. Patterns of Organization,the choronological description;,feature 2: verb tense sequencing;,Originally we wanted to .; More recently we have attempted to .; Now we are trying to . and in the future we shall try to . .,2. Patterns of Organization,the choronological descri
8、ption;,feature 3: grammatical parallelism;,Mount the grating near the end .; Locate a rider on the scale . ; Adjust the grating .; Read the distance on the scale . .,2. Patterns of Organization,the choronological description;,e.g. Total U.S. R,when R 2. comparison and contrast; 3. listing; 4. genera
9、l-to-particular ordering of details.,2. Patterns of Organization,the cause-and-effect analysis;,This pattern is used when you,1. make a logical argument; 2. describe a process; 3. explain why something happened the way it did; 4. predict some future sequence of events.,2. Patterns of Organization,th
10、e cause-and-effect analysis;,connective words and phrases subordinate clauses causative verbs,therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, so, . since, because, due to, . cause, give rise to, affects, require, produce, .,2. Patterns of Organization,the cause-and-effect analysis;,e.g. Whe
11、n ozone reacts with nitric oxide, the ozone is destroyed and NO2 is formed.,2. Patterns of Organization,the comparison and contrast;,connective words and phrases comparative constructions subordinate clauses,however, on the other hand, conversely, similarly, likewise, in/by contrast to/with, . more/
12、less/rather than, as.as, while, but, whereas,2. Patterns of Organization,the comparison and contrast;,e.g. 1. Program X will be easy to implement, whereas program Y would entail a number of complications. 2. Model X is reliable and efficient, whereas model Y is unreliable and relatively inefficient.
13、,2. Patterns of Organization,listing;,Principles of listing,1. All items in a list should be cast in parallel grammatical form; 2. If the items in a list are not equally important, they should be arranged in descending order of importance.,2. Patterns of Organization,listing;,In addition to goal and
14、 nuclear energy, a wide variety of other power sources are also frequently discussed in the news and in scientific literature; unfortunately, most are not yet for practical use. Geothermal energy is one of the most practical of proposed new sources. It is already in use in Italy, Iceland, and Northe
15、rn California but is not yet meeting all expectations for it.,2. Patterns of Organization,listing;,Solar energy seems an elegant idea because it is inexhaustible and adds no net heat or carbon dioxide to the global environment. Yet present methods of exploiting it make solar energy hopelessly inadeq
16、uate as a major power source in the next few decades. Sophisticated windmills to generate electricity are under study by some. Biomass conversion is also getting under way.,2. Patterns of Organization,listing;,Some of these sources of energy, which we now generally regard as esoteric, may well prove themselves and make a substantial contribution over the long run if their costs can be brought within reason.,2. Patterns of Organiza
