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1、Norman conquest of Britain,Reasons,It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne王位 to William, but the Witan盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的议会议员 chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him.
2、 One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey , thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.,William the Conqueror,哈罗德葛温森,哈罗德葛温森（1022年1066年10月14日），有时称为哈罗德二世，盎格鲁萨克逊王朝之韦塞克斯王国的末代君主（1066年在位）。 忏悔者爱德华去世后，王后之兄哈罗德即位。他的王位受到维京国王哈拉尔德三世及诺曼底公爵私生子威廉的挑战。哈拉尔德三世首先入侵了英格兰北部，哈罗德二世率领亲兵组成
3、的精锐急行军反击，在1066年9月25日于斯坦姆福德桥战役中击败维京人，哈拉尔德三世阵亡。诺曼底公爵威廉乘英军北上之机入侵了英格兰南部，直指伦敦，哈罗德二世被迫率,(back),领疲惫的部队回援并占领了通往伦敦路上的有利位置。1066年10月14日英诺两军决战（黑斯廷斯之战），结果英格兰军队战败，哈罗德二世本人亦战死。诺曼底公爵威廉进入伦敦加冕为英格兰国王。,Westminster Abbey,征服者 威廉一世，维京海盗的后裔。 此公手不离剑， 剑不离脖子， 实乃英武非常之像 ，及出生时曾被称为私生子威廉（William the Bastard),Who is this man?,Who is
4、 this man?,征服者威廉William the Conqueror亦称英格兰的威廉一世（英文：William I of England 或诺曼底的威廉二世（英文：William II of Normandy，法文：Guillaume II de Normandie），诺曼底公爵，1066年起成为英格兰的第一位诺曼人国王，直至1087年9月9日逝世。因其非婚姻出生，他的敌人称之为“杂种威廉”,征服者威廉的出生地 法国诺曼底 法莱斯城堡 Chteau de Falaise,尽管是非婚生子女，他的父亲仍指定他为诺曼底的继承人。这一身份身份影响了他的早期生涯。孩童时期，他的生命常受到来自亲属的
5、威胁，他们认为自己拥有更合法的继承权。当威廉在沃德勒夷（Vaudreuil）的城堡要塞睡觉时，发生了一起针对他的刺杀，当时刺客错误的刺中了睡在威廉旁边的孩子。,Bayeux Tapestry William 贝叶挂毯（描述黑斯廷斯战役的挂毯）上的征服者威廉,按照他的父亲的遗嘱，威廉在1035年7岁时即位成为诺曼底公爵。敌对的诺曼贵族阴谋篡夺威廉的地位，杀死了威廉的三位监护人 。然而威廉得到法王亨利一世的支持。他在15岁时被亨利封为骑士。到威廉19岁时他成功的处理了叛乱和入侵的威胁。1047年，由于亨利的援助，威廉在卡昂于瓦尔斯沙丘战役（Val-s-Dunes）中击败了叛乱的诺曼贵族，得到了受罗
6、马天主教会支持的“神圣休战”，最终巩固了诺曼底的统治。,对于威廉这种人来说，这样的待遇当然不能忍，于是，既然谈不拢，那就 战 吧！,而彼时的英国忏悔者爱德华（Edward the Confessor）刚刚逝世，死后无继承人，王位的归属引起了极,这便是“贝叶挂毯”中的忏悔者爱德华，他被称为 征服者威廉之前，英格兰最伟大的明君。,大的纷争。,Process,The Normans crossed to England on 25 September 1066. They landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September and erected a woode
7、n castle at Hastings , from which they raided the surrounding area. This ensured supplies for the army. Harold, after defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, left much of his force there and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion.,The Ba
8、ttle of Hastings was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of Britain. It began at about 9am on 14 October 1066 and lasted all day. Although the numbers on each side were probably about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot sold
9、iers and few archers. Harold II was killed in the battlelegend has it that he was shot through the eye with an arrow.This battle is seen as the point at which William gained control of England.,Battle of Hastings,大致战事图,The result of Norman conquest,After that, on Christmas Day,1066, William was crow
10、ned king of England in Westminster Abbey, known as William 1(1066-1087) of England. Norman control was soon established through the country.,Influence,The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated没收 almost all the land and gave it t
11、o his Norman followers. He replaced the Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. It largely removed the native ruling class贵族阶层, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy君主制度, aristocracy贵族,统治阶级, and clerical神职人员的 hierarchy等级
12、制度. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce贸易 were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture建筑学 were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts民事法庭.,Cons
13、equences-Governmental systems :,Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.,1.According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.,2.William gave his barons large estates私有土地 in England.,3.These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that th
14、ose who held them could not easily combine to rebel造反 the king.,4.At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins隶农 or serfs农奴.,5.One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath誓约 of allegiance拥护，not only to their immediate lord直接地主, but also to th
15、e king.,Three Chief Effects of the Conquest,1. The bringing of Roman civilization to England. 2. The growth of nationality, a strong centralized government. 3. The new language and literature.,(The Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners. Since then no foreign invaders have ev
16、er set foot no this insular country.),Consequences-about Language,The most striking influence of the conquest was shown in the language. The period of Middle English began soon after 1066. Since the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters; but the masses民众;劳动阶层 continued to speak English. Only towards the end of the fifteenth century did English become once more the language of the whole country. Howeve
