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1、2020/7/8,1,Lecture 10,Verb and Verb Phrase,2020/7/8,2,Teaching Contents,10.1 Classification of verbs (I) 10.2 Classification of verbs (II) 10.3 A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood,2020/7/8,3,10.1 Classification of verbs (I),1) Main verbs and auxiliaries According to different roles played in t
2、he fomation of verb phrasesk verbs are divided into two classes:main verbs and auxiliaries. As we know, a verb phrase may consist of a main verb only; this is called a simple verb phrase.,2020/7/8,4,A verb phrase may also take the form of a verb preceded by one or more auxiliaries; this is called a
3、complex verb phrase. Main verbs are also called notional verbs functioning as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase.,2020/7/8,5,Auxiliaries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries. a) Primary auxiliaries: be, do, have. Without lexi
4、cal meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings. Be is usually used to help the main verb to form the progressive aspect or the expressive voice.,2020/7/8,6,Auxiliary do is used to help the main verb to express negative meanings or to form questio
5、n, and sometimes to help express the emphatic affirmative. The function of auxiliary have is to help the main verb to form the perfective or the perfective progressive aspect. b) Modal auxiliaries: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.,2020/7/8,7,They e
6、xpress modal meanings. In a finite verb phrase, we can use only one modal auxiliary which is invariably followed by the bare infinitive or the base form. c) Semi-auxiliaries: have to, seem to. They can help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and express the modal meaning on the one hand,
7、and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the other.,2020/7/8,8,2) Transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbs Verbs are divided in accordance with whether or not they must be followed by obligatory elements functioning as complementation and what kind of elem
8、ents that must follow. a) Transitive verbs must be followed by an object. Some are followed by two objects, i.e. indirect object and direct object;.,2020/7/8,9,some by an object and an object complement; some by an object and an obligatory adverbial b) Intransitive verbs do not require an object. c)
9、 Linking verbs are followed by a subject complement. 3) Dynamic and stative verbs a) Dynamic verbs refer to actions. They can be subclassified into three categories:,2020/7/8,10,durative verbs, transitional verbs and momentary verbs. b) Stative verbs refer to present or past states, i.e. to a relati
10、vely stable state of affairs. They are normally incompatible with the progressive except in certain cases where there is a transfer of meaning. They can be classified into four categories.,2020/7/8,11,The first includes main verbs “be” and “have”. The second includes verbs that include, as part of t
11、heir meaning, the notion of being and having, such as apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh, measure. The third includes verbs that refer to a sense perception, such as hear, see, feel, taste, smell.,2020/7/8,12,The fourth subclass includes verbs that refer to a feeling, a state of mind or a
12、n opinion, such as assume, believe, consider, detest, wish. Stative verbs are not used in progressive aspect, otherwise, they will be changed into dynamic verbs, such as be, have. e.g. He is being foolish (=is acting foolishly). Were having a wonderful time (= are enjoying ourselves).,2020/7/8,13,Th
13、e verbs resemble and cost are stative verbs when they are used to mean respectively “be like” and “be worth”, but when used in other meanings, these two verbs just like dynamic verbs can occur in the progressive. e.g. He resembles his father. He is resembling his father (= is becoming more and more
14、like his father) as the years go by.,2020/7/8,14,Perception verbs when used in a non-volitional sense are stative verb, but when used in a volitional sense are dynamic verbs. e.g. I can taste pepper in it. Im tasting this soup. Attitudinal verbs such as think, imagine, understand are stative verbs,
15、but they can occasionally be used dynamically to express different meanings, e.g. Be quiet. Im thinking (= giving thought to a problem).,2020/7/8,15,There are also cases of a special polite use of the progressive with verbs like want, hope, wonder. e.g. Were you wanting to see me? 10.2 Classificatio
16、n of verbs (II) According to word formation and grammatical form, English verb may be divided into single-verbs and phrasal verbs, finite verbs and non-finite verb, regular verbs and irregular verbs.,2020/7/8,16,4) Single-word verbs and phrasal verbs A phrasal verb is a verb that is composed of two or more words. They can be classified into three categories: a) Verb + preposition e.g. The police are looking into the case. b) Verb + adverb particle e.g. The meeting has been called off. c) Verb +
