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1、Language Testing and Evaluation,Introduction to Language Testing,Testing is an indispensable part of every teaching and learning experience. Right from the commencement of formal education, we are confronted with a myriad of tests, from small quizzes, mid-term and final examinations, to rigid matric
2、ulation examinations, not to mention many other tests after our graduation, on the grades of which hang decisions concerning our career. As a matter of fact, we are haunted by tests throughout our lifetime.,What is a “test”?A psychological or educational test is a procedure designed to elicit certai
3、n behavior from which one can make inference about certain characteristics of an individual. (Carroll) 考试是由一定数量的题目组成，用于测定人的某一心理品质，或学习掌握程度的工具。教师出试题实际上是创设一个语言情景，学生的答题过程则是他的语言能力和知识掌握程度的一种表现。考试的目的就是要测定学生在某一方面的能力或学习情况。（舒运祥 2001）,Assessment To put it simply, assessment means to discover what the learners
4、know and can do at a certain stage of the learning process. With different assessment purposes in mind, we may adopt different assessment methods. A close study on the assessment purposes will make it clear that all the people involved in education have some reasons to consider assessment necessary.
5、 They are administrators, teachers, parents and students.,Administrators: Administrators provide money and personnel for education. They need to know whether the programmes they have planned are working well。 The only way to do this is to discover how well the pupils are doing with their courses. If
6、 assessment results are different from what they have expected, they need to replan the programmes so that better accomplishment can be achieved later.,Teachers: Teachers put the administrators plans into practice. In the continuum of learning, teachers need to know what has been done and what needs
7、 to be done next; what the pupils already know or can do and what they do not know or cannot do yet. If the program is well planned, it pretty much depends on the teachers performance whether the program eventually leads to success.,Parents: Nobody is more anxious than parents to know how their chil
8、dren are doing in school. Unable to watch their kids in the class, parents value the feedback about their childrens performance from the teachers and the school.Students: Finally, students need to know what theyve accomplished, be aware of what they need to work on text, and build up their confidenc
9、e and satisfaction from what they have achieved.,Reasons for test/assessment use: To know peoples language ability To discover how successful students have been in achieving the objective of a course of study To provide feedback for learners To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching To diagnose stud
10、ents strengths andweaknesses To place students in an appropriate program,语言能力、 兴趣、态度等,考试,观察,面谈,数值,价值,判断,测量,标准,（量化）,评价过程,考试、测量和评价三者之间既有联系又有区别。评价过程实际上 包含了测量，如果测量以考试为手段，那么评价中也包含了考试。外语教学中为了了解学生的语言能力、兴趣、知识掌握得情况，就要对其进行评价，但能力、兴趣等心理品质是一个抽象概念，为了有利于评价，我们通过具体做题目（考试）等方式，对抽象的概念进行定性、定量的描述，最后还需借助一定的标准解释考试成绩，以确定学生的
11、语言水平，这样一个过程就是评价。,Test -Measurement- evaluation (Assessment),外语测试,语言学,心理学与教学法,理论语言学,应用语言学,心理语言学,社会语言学,学习心理学,外语教学法,测量学,教育统计学,教育测量学,计算机科学,外语测试与有关学科,Teaching and Testing Testing and teaching are closely interrelated. Language testing both serves and is served by research in language learning and languag
12、e teaching. The effect of testing on teaching and learning is known as backwash. Backwash can be harmful or beneficial. Well-made tests of English can bring about beneficial backwash while ill-designed ones will lead to misguided teaching and learning. Good tests can help create positive attitude to
13、wards learning. Good tests can help foster positive classroom atmosphere and help them master the language.,Teaching ObjectivesTeaching Content Teaching Methods Testing,Not all tests, however, are sufficient to meet our requirement, i.e., to provide an accurate measurement of the candidates language
14、 proficiency for their specific uses. More often than not, a candidates performance on a language test does not match his performance in real use. If blind faith is placed in the test result regardless of the validity and reliability of the test for a specific situation, it will give rise to severe
15、problems. When the test score is regarded as the only yardstick of a persons language proficiency, students will tend to study test taking skills rather than the language itself. They become fiends at test instead of masters of the language. Then we are bound to fall into the examination-centered te
16、aching, which should be avoided. Clearly, this is undesirable.,Teaching contents,Teaching Methods,Testing,Kinds of Tests and TestingTests can be categorized following different criteria, such as the intended use of the test, the approach to testing, testing content, the way to interpret the score and scoring methods. First, tests are used to obtain information. “Giving a test is like asking a questionit is a request for information. If you ask the
