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1、Unit One1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 2. Our daily food intake must match requ
2、irements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones t
3、o liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. Unit Two1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer th
4、e remarkable properties of living organisms. 2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been
5、to purify an individual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elemen
6、ts and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc.5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence. Unit Four1. The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and
7、the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are
8、 affected by disease. 2. For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. 3. All
9、 physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than on
10、e therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur. 4. At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparation. 5. The s
11、tudy of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techn
12、iques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology. Unit Five1. To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced wit
13、h a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best. 2. In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for
14、the ones that could have medicinal value.3. In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4. A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the pr
15、oducts are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of container required. 5. At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bea
16、d are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached. Unit Six1. Plant natural products has had, and continued to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthet
