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1、简单句、并列句和复合句,简单句： 仅有一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。 简单句的五种基本结构： .主语谓语动词（vi.) The boy cried . The little boy cried sadly.,2.主语谓语动词(vt.)+宾语 They all like him very much. I played basketball with my friends yesterday.,3.主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语 My father gave me money. My father gave money to me.,4.主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语+宾语补足语 She na
2、med her baby John. I had my computer repaired yesterday. You kept me waiting for a year.,5.主语+连系动词+表语 He is an engineer. The cake smells delicious.,句子分析 1.Mary is a pop singer. 2.The sun rises in the east. 3.We gave him a warm welcome. 4.Mark Twain wrote many books. 5.I saw him going upstairs.,主+系+表
3、,主+谓,主+谓+间宾+直宾,主+谓+宾,主+谓+宾+宾补,并列句: 由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。表并列、转折、递进、选择等关系。 You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。,复合句:由一个主句和若干个从句组成的句子。 1. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. He has a friend whose father is a doc
4、tor. 3. I still remember the day when I first came to this school.,名词性从句,Grammar and usage,Noun Clauses,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句 。在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,名词性从句,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,His job is important.,What he does is important.,This is his job.,This
5、is what he does every day.,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,表语,I dont like his job.,I dont like what he does every day.,I dont know about the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,宾语,同位语,宾语从句( The Object Clause ),什么是宾语？ 宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。 宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。 英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放
6、及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。除及物动词有宾语之外，英语介词后面也有宾语。另外，某些形容词后也可有宾语。,宾语的用法 宾语一般用在及物动词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。 一. 名词作宾语 Show your passport, please. 二. 代词作宾语 She didnt say anything. 三. 数词作宾语 How many do you want? - I want two.,四. 名词化的形容词作宾语 They sent the injured to hospital. 五. 不定式或ing形式作宾语 They asked to see my pass
7、port. I enjoy working with you. 六. 从句作宾语 Did you write down what he said?,双宾语 有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语. 直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示的行为的人. Eg: They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语.,I showed the map to Ben. ( the map是直接宾语，Ben是间接宾语) 2. Give me a cup of tea, please. （me是间
8、接宾语，a cup of tea是直接宾语）,复合宾语 在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. We call him Jack . （这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语） They appointed him chairman. （这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.）,1. I find learning English difficult (difficult是形容词,做宾补） 2. I saw the kite up and do
9、wn. （up and down是副词,做宾补）,宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。,连词that引导宾语从句，表陈述意义。that 在从句中不充当任何成分，也无任何意义。 1.that在宾语从句中可以省略。 I believe ( that) he is honest. 2.当谓语动词后有多个宾语从句并列时，只有第一个从句的that可省，其余不可省。 I think (that) he is honest and that he always keeps his promise. 3. that从句被短语、词组等将其与谓语动词分开时，that不可省略。 Everyone cou
10、ld see, I believe, that Mike was very sad.,连词if和whether引导宾语从句，不做任何成分，但有意义，表示“是否”。 1. if 与whether 一般可以互换。 我不知道它是否有趣。 I dont know if/ whether it is interesting. 2. 作介词的宾语或接不定式时，只能用whether 一切取决于我们是否有足够的钱。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 我无法决定是否要呆多一个小时。 I cant decide whether to stay
11、for another hour.,3.whether 和if 后面都可以加or not, 连用时只能用whether or not. I dont know whether/if it is interesting or not. I dont know whether or not it is interesting. 4. whether引导宾语从句可置于句首，但if不可以。 Whether it is interesting I dont know.,1. I dont know to visit the old man. A. whether B. if C. that D. who
12、 2. Do you know _ I could pass the exam? A. that B. whether C. what D. which,1. Do you know who won the game? 2.I dont know who/whom John is speaking to? 3. Please remember what I said to you just now. 4.Have you determined which book you should buy? 1.连接代词who, whom,whose , what , which 等引导宾语从句，有明确的
13、意义。一般作从句的主语、宾语、定语。,1.He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 2.Could you tell me how you did it? 3.None of us knows where these new books can be bought. 4.I wonder why he didnt call me. 连接副词when, where, why, how等引导宾语从句，具有明确的意义，在从句中作状语。,1.动词doubt在肯定句中接whether / if 从句，在否定句和疑问句中接 that 从句。,1. Do you
14、 doubt _ she will succeed? 你是否怀疑她会成功？ 2. I doubt _ he will keep his word. 我怀疑他能否遵守诺言。 3. I have no doubt _ he will win the game. 我很肯定他将会赢得比赛。,that,if/whether,that,宾语从句的特殊情况,2. 可使用形式宾语it的宾语从句 动词find, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,为保持句子平衡，则需要用it做形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。 主语+谓语+it+adj./n.+引导词+从句 1. I th
15、ink it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 2. I think it a pity that I havent been to the party. 3. I make it a rule that I keep a diary every day.,1. I dont think that he will come to my party. 2. I dont believe that the man is killed by Jim. 宾语从句的否定前置 主句谓语动词think, believe, imagi
16、ne, suppose, consider, guess等后面接否定意义的宾语从句时，且主语是第一人称时，需将从句的否定前置到主句。,1. I suggested that you（should）study hard 2. He ordered that we (should) go out at once. 3. My parents advise that I (should) not watch too much TV. 4.在表示建议（suggest ,advise, propose）、要求（demand ,desire, request）、决定（decide）、命令(order, command, require)、坚决主张(insist)等动词后跟宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，即 “should+动词原形”，should可省略。,5.在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序，即“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”，还要注意原来的助动词或情态动词要符合相关的时态。 E
