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1、分子Molecule 聚合度Degree of polymerization分子量Molecular weight 聚丙烯酸甲酯Polymethyl acrylate高分子量化合物Hight molecular weight compound均方末端距Mean square end-to-end distance低分子量化合物Low molecular weight compound化学计量平衡Stoichiometric balance变形/形变能力Deformability 数均分子量Number-average molecular weight 缓蚀剂Corrosion inhibito
2、r重均分子量Weight-average molecular weight自由基Radical 粘均分子量Viscosity-average molecular weight玻璃化转变温度glass transition temperature聚丁二烯Polybutadiene竟聚率Reactivity ratio缨状微束理论Fringed-micelle theory烯烃olefin折叠链片晶理论Folded-chain lamella theory聚氯乙烯Polyvinyl chloride阻燃剂Flame retardant纤维素Cellulose 絮凝剂Flocculating age
3、nt离子聚合Ionic polymerization连锁聚合Chain polymerization污物Contaminant 环氧树脂Epoxy resins羟基Hydroxyl 三氟化硼boron trifloride羧基Carboxyl 三苯甲基钾Triphenyl methyl potassium转化率Conversion 氯化钠Sodium chloride依数性Colligative property液晶Liquid crystal聚乙烯醇Polyvinyl alcohol 非均相的Heterogeneous 缩聚物Condensation polymer热固性聚合物thermos
4、et1. The reaction from low molecular monomer to polymer is called polymerization（reaction）. According to the reaction mechanism, polymerization （reaction）may be divided into two categories, the chain reaction polymerization and the step-growth(stepwise ) polymerization.由低分子单体合成聚合物的反应称为聚合反应。按反应机理分类，聚
5、合反应可分为连锁聚合反应和逐步聚合。两种聚合机理的区别主要反映在平均每一个分子链增长所需要的时间上2. What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt.到底什么是聚合物？其一它们是和低聚物不一样的巨大而复杂的分子，另外一个高聚物和低聚物的突出的差别在于溶解过程不一样。3. Another striking difference with respec
6、t to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process.发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。4. For the individual steps of the growth reaction one needs only a relatively small activation energy and therefore through a single activation step (the actual
7、 initiation reaction) a large number of olefin molecules are converted, as is implied by the term “chain reaction”.对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的活化反应（即引发反应）即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。5. The esterification reaction occurs anywhere in the monomer matrix where two monomer molecules collide
8、, and once the ester has formed, it, too, can react further by virtue of its still-reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. 酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。6. Ionic polymerization, similar to radial polymerization, also has the mechanism of a chain reaction. The kinetics of ion
9、ic polymerization are, however, considerably different from that of radical polymerization.离子聚合反应，与自由基聚合反应相似，也有链反应的机理。但是，离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应.7. In most instances,there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application. 在大多数情况下，对于某种特定的应用来说
10、，某种聚合物存在着某一分子量范围，在这个范围之内其性能是最好的。8. In solution,a polymer molecule is a randomly coiling mass most of whose conformations occupy many times the volume of its segments alone.在溶液中聚合物分子呈现一种无规线团的杂乱状态，其构象占据了它单独的链段体积的很多倍。9. The importance of the random-coil nature of the dissolved,molten,amorphous and glas
11、sy states of high polymers cannot be overemphasized .可溶解的、可融化的、非晶态及玻璃态的高聚物的无规线团特性的重要性是可以强调的。10. The fringed-micelle theory,developed in the 1930s ,considers polymers to consist of small-sized,ordered crystalline regions-termed crystallites-imbedded in an unordered ,amorphous polymer matrix.二十世纪三十年代形
12、成的缨状微束理论认为聚合物是由小型的，有序的结晶区域称为微晶嵌入在无序、非晶聚合物的基体中。11. These crystallization forces will then act virtually as crosslinks , resulting in a material of high tensile strength and high initial modulus , i.e. ,a fiber .这些结晶力事实上作为交联剂，形成高拉伸强度和高原始模量的物质。12. Each of the two approaches has its own advantages and d
13、isadvantages , and one approach may be preferred for the preparation of a particular functional polymer when the other would be totally impractical . 这两种方法都有各自的优点和缺点，当一种方法对特定功能聚合物的制备更有利时，另一种方法则是完全不切实际的。13. The structure of polymer chains present in the crosslinked polymers is similar to the wire str
14、ucture in a bedspring and chain mobility,which permits one chain to slip by another (which is responsible for cold flow) is prevented在交联聚合物链中的链结构与弹簧床中的弹簧结构类似，（而这种结构）阻止了一条链向另一条与冷流有关的链的滑移，即链的流动性被阻止14. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship,as well as processing techniques of material,the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程师与科学家对材料的特征、结构-性能之间的关系以及材料的加工工艺越熟悉，他们就越熟练和自信的在这些标准中作出明智的对材料的选择。
