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1、PowerDistanceI,CulturalDimensions文化纬度理论,文化跨度理论是跨文化理论中至今最具影响力的一个理论，由荷兰管理学者郝夫斯特（Hofstede）提出。通过对各国的IBM员工的调查研究，郝夫斯特发现有五大因素可以帮助我们区分民族文化对雇员的工作价值观和工作态度的影响。,五大因素(5culturaldimensions),权力距离指数（PowerDistanceIndex缩写为PDI）个人主义指数（Individualism缩写为IDV）男性主义指数（Masculinity缩写为MAS）不确定因素的规避指数（UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex缩写为UA
2、I）长期取向指数（Long-TermOrientation缩写为LTO）,Forreferences,youcangotothefollowingwebsitetocheckoutmoredetailsanddifferentscoresofdifferentcountries.http:/www.geert-,A.权力距离PowerDistanceIndex,PowerDistanceIndex(AuthorityDimension),PowerDistanceIndex(PDI)focusesonthedegreeofequality,orinequality,betweenpeoplei
3、nthecountryssociety.AHighPowerDistancerankingindicatesthatinequalitiesofpowerandwealthhavebeenallowedtogrowwithinthesociety.Thesesocietiesaremorelikelytofollowacastesystemthatdoesnotallowsignificantupwardmobilityofitscitizens.ALowPowerDistancerankingindicatesthesocietyde-emphasizesthedifferencesbetw
4、eencitizenspowerandwealth.Inthesesocietiesequalityandopportunityforeveryoneisstressed.,FormationanddefinitionofPDI权力距离指数的来源和定义,Status现状Formation形成、来源Definition定义Pleaseturntoourhandouts请同学们看材料,Status现状：Inequalityinsociety,Thereisinequalityeverywhere,inanysociety.Somepeoplearestronger,smarter,wealthie
5、r,ormorepowerfulthansomeotherpeople.ButPhysicalandintellectualcapacities,power,wealth,andstatusmayormaynotgotogether.,Insomecountries,peopletrytoresolvetheinequality.Inothercountries,peoplefeelitisagoodthing,ratherthanaproblem.,FormationofPDIPDI数据的收集和形成,IBM员工，来自50多个国家对相同级别的，却来自不同国家的员工，测试了相同的问题，并用1、2
6、、3、4、5来表示他们的答案。,例题在你的经历中，你是否经常遇到这个事情：下属很害怕向他们的上级表达不同意见？（答案是1-5，1代表非常频繁，5代表非常少）,这些问题都是由IBM公司的员工回答的，他们的这些答案代表了一个相对的不同，由于他们在公司里面的职位和公司文化是相似的，因此答案的不同很大程度上代表了他们所来自的不同的文化背景。LetsrefertoTable2.1-page27,Definition定义,PowerDistance:theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacoun
7、tryexceptandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally权利距离的定义：一个社会中的人群对权力分配不平等这一事实的接受程度。,Handoutreading:FamilySchoolworkplace,PowerDistanceUSChina|-(40)-|-(80)-|050100,LimiteddependenceofsubordinatesonbossesPreferenceforconsultationReadytoapproachandcontradicttheirbossesEmotionaldistanceissmall,Considera
8、bledependenceofsubordinatesonbossesPreferencefordependence/rejectingitentirelyNotlikelytoapproachandcontradicttheirbossesEmotionaldistanceislarge,PowerDistanceinfamiliesUSChina|-(40)-|-(80)-|050100,Childrenaretreatedasequalsassoonastheyareabletoact.Childrenlearntobeindependentandhavetodotheirownstuf
9、fwhentheyareveryyoung.Achildisallowedtocontradicthis/herparents.Theylearntosaynoveryearly.,Childrenareexpectedandeducatedtobeobedienttotheirparents.Independentbehaviorofchildisnotencouraged.Youngeronesarealwaysbeingtakencareofbyolderonesandparents.Youngerchildrenareexpectedtoyieldtoolderones.Authori
10、tycontinuestoplayaroleinchildrenslife,eveniftheyareadults.,PowerDistanceatschoolUSChina|-(40)-|-(80)-|050100,Teachersandstudentsaretreatedasequalstoeachother.Theeducationalprocessisstudent-centered.Teachershavenoresponsibilityforthestudentsstudy.Thestudentsareexpectedtofindtheirownwayofstudy.Theycan
11、expressdisagreementinfrontoftheteacher.Overtstudentfeedback.,Teachersaretreatedwithrespect,evenoutsideschool.“guru”Theeducationalprocessisteacher-centered.Teachersplannedanintellectualpathsforthestudentstofollow.Studentsspeakuponlywheninvitedto.Covertstudentfeedback.,PowerDistanceintheworkplaceUSChi
12、na|-(40)-|-(80)-|050100,Decentralizationispopular.Subordinatesexpecttobeconsultedondecisions.Anidealbossisaresourcefuldemocrat.Privilegesandstatussymbolsarefrownedon.,Poweriscentralizedasmuchaspossibleinafewhands.Subordinatesexpecttobetoldwhattodo.Anidealbossisagoodfather.Privilegesandstatussymbolsa
13、reexpectedandpopular.,PowerDistanceII,TheoriginsofPowerdistancedifferences,Figure5.2LowandHighPowerDistanceCultures,LowPowerDistanceHighPowerDistanceGermanicEuropeAfricaScandinavianEuropeAsiaAngloSaxonsEasternEuropenAustraliaMediterraneanEuropenCanadaLatinAmericanUnitedKingdomMiddleEastnUnitedStates
14、nNewZealandScandinaviann.(北欧一地区,包括挪威、瑞典、丹麦、冰岛的)斯堪的纳维亚人语Handoutpage43,Quiz5.1:WeatherandCulture,Innorthernhemisphereswithharsherweatherpatternsandlowerpopulationdensity,wouldasocietysmajorenemybe:A.othergroupsofpeopleB.natureInsouthernhemisphereswithmoremoderateclimatesandhigherpopulationdensity,woul
15、dasocietysmajorenemybe:A.othergroupsofpeopleB.natureHandoutpage45,Figure5.3NationalCultureVs.Subculture,CountrySubcultureNetherlands(lowPDI)Banking(HighPDI)Brazil(HighPDI)Musicians(lowPDI)Canada(LowPDI)Military(highPDI)China(highPDI)WebsiteDesigners(LowPDI),Quiz5.4:PowerDistanceandGender,HowwouldyoumatchthefollowingincomparisontothenationalaverageU.S.PowerDistancescore?AAmericanwomenA.lowerPDIscoresBAmericanmenB.higherPDIscoresBHispanic-AmericansBAfrican-Americans,
