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1、ExerciseTrytheseexercise:Exercise1,Exercise2.Notesareasummaryandshouldthereforebemuchshorterthantheoriginal.Thus,abbreviationsandsymbolscanbeusedwheneverpossible.ThetablebelowshowssomeconventionalEnglishsymbolsandabbreviations.Youwillneedspecificonesforyourownsubject.and&andothers(people)et.al.andot
2、herthingsetc.answerAapproximately,approx.,c.atbecausebeforeexample:centimetrecmcenturyCparecf.correctdecreases,fallsdegrees?departmentdept.dividedby?eastEequalto=equivalenttoespeciallyesp.forexamplee.g.governmentgovt.greaterthangrows,increasesimportantN.B.inoneyearp.a.informationinfo.kilogramkglesst
3、hanmuchlessthannorthNnotcomefromnotequalnotleadtonotproportionaltonumberNo.or#pagep.pagespp.percent%plus+possiblyposs.probablyprob.proportionaltoquestionQresultsfromresultsin,leadstosameasabovesimilartothatistosay,inotherwordsi.e.thereforesouthSunlikely?uncertain,notsure?veryv.withreferencetore.wron
4、gXwestWyearyr.Exercise2.Findtheimportantideas,writedowntheimportantwords/phrasesandfindalternativewords,orsynonyms.Keepspecialisedvocabularyandcommonwords.Examples:a.PaulEkmanfromtheUniversityofCaliforniahasconductedalongseriesofexperimentsonhownonverbalbehaviourmayrevealrealinnerstates.PaulEkmanwho
5、worksattheUniversityofCaliforniahasperformedasequenceofinvestigationsonthewaynonverbalbehaviourmaydiscloserealinternalconditions.b.Therearereckonedtobeover4,000plantspeciesusedbyforestdwellersasfoodandmedicinealone.Therearecalculatedtobemorethan4,000plantspeciesutilisedbyforestinhabitantsjustasfoods
6、tuffsanddrugs.c.Memoryisthecapacityforstoringandretrievinginformation.Memoryisthefacilityforkeepingandrecoveringdata.d.Researchandpublicationsareaccumulatingineachofthefourfieldsofanthropologyatanexponentialrate.Studiesandbooksaregatheringinallofthefourareasofanthropologyataveryfastspeed.e.Itisworth
7、lookingatoneortwoaspectsofthewayamotherbehavestowardsherbaby.Itisusefultoobserveseveralfeaturesofhowamotheractswhensheiswithhersmallchild.Note:Thisisnotenoughbyitself.Youalsoneedtochangethewordsandthestructureofthetext.3a/b.Identifythemeaningrelationshipsinthetextandexpresstheminadifferentway.Exampl
8、es:a.Manyinvertebrates,ontheotherhand,suchassnailsandwormsandcrustacea,haveaspiralpatternofcleavage.Incontrast,manyinvertebrates,suchassnailsandwormsandcrustacea,haveaspiralpatternofcleavage.b.Similarly,themuscleswillnotgrowinlengthunlesstheyareattachedtotendonsandbonessothatastheboneslengthen,theya
9、restretched.Likewise,ifthemusclesarenotattachedtotendonsandbonessothatastheboneslengthen,theyarestretched,theywillnotgrowinlength.c.Besidesbeingatheoryaboutthebasisandoriginofknowledgeandthecontentsofourmindsingeneral,empiricismisalsosometimesamethodology.Notonlyisempiricismatheoryaboutthebasisandor
10、iginofknowledgeandthecontentsofourmindsingeneral,italsosometimesamethodology.d.Asopposedtothis,Lockeisoftensupposedtobesayingthat,inadditiontoproperties,thingshaveasubstratumwhichsupportstheirproperties.Lockeisoftensupposedtobesaying,ontheotherhand,that,inadditiontoproperties,thingshaveasubstratumwh
11、ichsupportstheirproperties.e.ConsequentlyinasenseonemayspeakoftheCommonLawasunwrittenlawincontrastwithStatuteLaw,whichiswrittenlaw.Inasense,therefore,onemayspeakoftheCommonLawasunwrittenlawincontrastwithStatuteLaw,whichiswrittenlaw.Note:Thisisnotenoughbyitself.Youalsoneedtochangethestructureofthetex
12、t.3b/c.Changethegrammarofthetext:Forexample:i.changenounstoverbsa.Thisrewritingofhistorywasnotsomuchamatterofanewstart.Thisrewritingofhistorywasnotsomuchamatterofstartingagain.b.Hereheliveswiththelabourersinoneofthebarrackrooms,andoutofhissmallearningsmakesastartathavingahousebuilt.Hereheliveswithth
13、elabourersinoneofthebarrackrooms,andoutofhissmallearningsstartstohaveahousebuilt.ii.changeverbstonounsa.TheNormansinvadedin1066.TheNormaninvasiontookplacein1066.b.Thebombexplodedandcausedmanycasualties.Theexplosioncausedmanycasualties.iii.changeadverbstoadjectivesa.Hewrotefrequently.Hewroteonfrequen
14、toccasions.b.Politically,itwasabaddecision.Fromapoliticalpointofview,itwasabaddecision.iv.changeactiveverbstopassivea.WecanrelateastudyofthiskindtotextsinothermediatooAstudyofthiskindcanberelatedtotextsinothermediatoo.b.Inthistreatmenttheteachercanuseavarietyoftechniquestoelicitthelanguagelearnersal
15、readyknow.Inthistreatmentavarietyoftechniquesisusedtoelicitthelanguagelearnersalreadyknow.v.breakupsentencesa.Giventheextenttowhichdeforestationincreasedmarkedlyinthefoursouthernstatesduring1987and1988,itishearteningnewsthatduringtheearlypartofthe1989dryseasontheburningseemedtohavebeencurtailedsomew
16、hat,duetoacombinationofpolicychanges,bettercontrolsonburning,andmostimportantofallanexceptionallywetdryseason.Deforestationincreasedmarkedlyinthefoursouthernstatesduring1987and1988.Onaccountofthis,itishearteningnewsthatduringtheearlypartofthe1989dryseasontheburningseemedtohavebeencurtailedsomewhat.Thereasonforthisisacombinationofpolicychanges,bettercontrolsonburning,andmostimportantofallanexceptionallywetdryseason.b.In1851theaveragefamilysizewas4.7,roughlythesameasithadbeenintheseventeenthcent
