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1、1504:BasicPremises,ThePremises,BridgebuildingVs.DivisionandseparationChangeispossibleVs.ChangeisillusiveInternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVs.HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesHumannaturemustbeobeyedVs.HumannaturemustbeperfectedHappinessisandoughttobetheultimateendVs.Happine
2、ssshouldbeasecondarypursuit,PREMISE1:BridgebuildingVS.Divisionandseparation,BridgingIvoryTowerandMainStreet,“Thecarefulshieldingofauniversityfromtheactivitiesoftheworldaroundusisthebestwaytochillinterestandtodefeatprogress.Celibacydoesnotsuitauniversity.Itmustmateitselfwithaction.”AlfredNorthWhitehe
3、ad,PsychologyCanHelp,Appliedresearchintheclassroomforincreasingself-esteembridgingmindandbodyinconflictresolutionTakingresearchseriouslyTakingresponsibility!,PREMISE2:ChangeispossibleVS.Changeisillusive,“Itmaybethattryingtobehappierisasfutileastryingtobetallerandisthereforecounterproductive.”Lykkena
4、ndTellegan(1996),MinnesotaTwinStudies,ChangeisPossible,Counterevidence:PeopledochangeErroroftheaverageExceptionprovestheruleDetrimentalresearchStudyingthebest,Growing-TipStatistics,“Whatthiskindofresearchdesignmeansisachangeinourconceptionofstatistics,andespeciallyofsamplingtheory.WhatIamfranklyespo
5、usinghereiswhatIhavebeencallinggrowing-tipstatistics,takingmytitlefromthefactthatitisatthegrowingtipofaplantthatthegreatestgeneticactiontakesplace.”AbrahamMaslow,“Ifwewanttoknowhowfastahumanbeingcanrun,thenitisnousetoaverageoutthespeedofagoodsampleofthepopulation;itisfarbettertocollectOlympicgoldmed
6、alwinnersandseehowwelltheycando.Ifwewanttoknowthepossibilitiesforspiritualgrowth,valuegrowth,ormoraldevelopmentinhumanbeings,thenImaintainthatwecanlearnmostbystudyingourmostmoral,ethical,orsaintlypeople.OnthewholeIthinkitisfairtosaythathumanhistoryisarecordofthewaysinwhichhumannaturehasbeensoldshort
7、.Thehighestpossibilitiesofhumannaturehavepracticallyalwaysbeenunderrated.Certainlyitseemsmoreandmoreclearthatwhatwecallnormalinpsychologyisreallyapsychopathologyoftheaverage,soundramaticandsowidelyspreadthatwedontevennoticeitordinarily.”,Growing-TipStatistics,Elitist?DoesntexcludestudyingtheaverageE
8、veryonebenefitsStudyofresilienceStudyofmeditationStudyofrelationshipsStudyofteaching,StudyingOurPersonalBest,Describeorprescribe,“Fewinnumberthoughtheybe,wecanlearnagreatdealaboutvaluesfromthedirectstudyofthesehighlyevolved,mostmature,psychologicallyhealthiestindividuals,andfromthestudyofthepeakmome
9、ntsofaverageindividuals,momentsinwhichtheybecometransientlyself-actualized.”AbrahamMaslow,ChangingtheWorld?,TheCambridge-SomervilleYouthStudyAfiveyearinterventionTwice-a-monthcaseworkersvisitAcademictutoringPsychiatricattentionBoyScouts,YMCA,etc.,MeasuringOutcome,Randomassignment40yearfollowupShocki
10、ngresultsNodifferenceinjuvenileoffensesNodifferenceinadultoffensesNodifferenceonhealth,mortality,wellbeingSignificantdifferenceonalcoholismandjobstatus,INTHE“WRONG”DIRECTION,IsSocietalChangePossible?,ExceptionprovestherulePracticalidealistsunite!,“WhatIamsuggestingisManhattan-Project-typeattacksupon
11、whatIconsidertobethetrulyBigProblemofourtime,notonlyforpsychologybutforallhumanbeingswithanysenseofhistoricalurgency.”AbrahamMaslow,ThePowerofOne,Humannetworksasexponential,“Allhistoryisarecordofthepowerofminorities,andofminoritiesofone.”RalphWaldoEmerson,“Neverdoubtthatasmallgroupofthoughtful,commi
12、ttedcitizenscanchangetheworld.Indeed,itistheonlythingthateverhas.”MargaretMead,ExponentialGrowth,Weunderestimateourcapacitytoeffectchangebecauseweunderestimatethegrowthofanexponentialfunction.,PREMISE3:InternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVS.Happinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstances,
13、SubjectiveWell-BeingResearch,Affectiveforecasting(DanGilbert),Happinesslevels(EdDiener),Incomematterslittle,Nochangeacrossgenerations,Placeofresidenceirrelevant,SubjectiveWell-BeingResearch,Affectiveforecasting(DanGilbert),Happinesslevels(EdDiener),Incomematterslittle,Nochangeacrossgenerations,Place
14、ofresidenceirrelevant,Democracy/oppressionmatter!,Ourreadinessandpotentialtoexperiencehappinessismostlydependentonourstateofmind,notonourstatusorthestateofourbankaccount.,IsChangeIllusive?,Focusontrans-formation,PREMISE4:HumannaturemustbeobeyedVS.Humannaturemustbeperfected,ConstrainedUnconstrainedVi
15、sionVision,HumannatureimmutableFlawsinevitableAcceptanceChannelnature,_,CanbeimprovedPerfectibleSolutionsexistChangenature,“Naturetobecommandedmustbeobeyed”FrancisBacon,“Itisforself-perfectioningthatdestinycallsus”BenjaminConstant,VisionofPsychology,Humannatureimmutable(constrained)Roleistounderstan
16、dnatureandmakebestuseofit,ThePermissiontobeHuman,UnconditionalAcceptance(Rogers,1961),RejectingournatureleadstounhappinessParadox:“IronicProcessing”(Wegner,1994)TheGreatDeceptionNotresignationActiveacceptanceTruetoreality,“God,grantmetheserenitytoacceptthethingsIcannotchange,thecouragetochangethethingsIcanchange,andthewisdomtoknowthedifference.”ReinholdNiebuhr,PREMISE5:HappinessisandoughttobeourultimateendVS.Happinessshouldbeasecondarypursuit,H
