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1、构词法,对于多数中国英语学习者来说,如何扩大词汇量一直是个难题。.实际上,英语单词的构成有一定的规律和方法,掌握构词法对于扩大词汇量有很大帮助。英语构词法主要有:1)派生法2)转换法3)合成法4)截短法5)缩略法6)混合法,1.派生法在一个词的词根前面或后面加上某个词缀构成新词的方法叫派生法。分为前缀和后缀。1.1前缀在多数情况下，前缀会改变词的意义。,1）否定前缀（1)dis-用于名词、动词前表否定（不，反向）例如：disconnect,disarm,disagree,disadvantage,disable,discourage,discover,dishonesty,disillusio
2、n,disinterest,dislodge,disorder,disqualify,dissatisfy,distrust,disuse,（3）non-用于名词、形容词和副词前（不,不重要，缺少传统特征的）例如：non-hero,non-book,nonconductor,non-confidence,non-dollar,non-effective,non-metal,non-natural（4）un-用于形容词、分词前（不，非）例如：unable,unacceptable,unanswered,unattracted,unbroken,unconnected,uncontrolled,u
3、ndecided,undeveloped,unemotional,unemployed,unforgettable,unfriendly,unimportant,unimproved,unnecessary,unpunished,untitled,untouchable,unusual,2）表其它意义的前缀（1）mis-用于动词、名词前（坏，错，误）例如：misdirect,misunderstand,misbelief,mislead,mistreat,misuse（2）co-用于名词、动词前（共同，一起，相互）例如：coact,coexist,cooperate,co-owner（3）ov
4、er-用于动词、名词、形容词前（过）例如：overwork,overeat,overconfident,overestimate,overpressure,overprotect,oversleep,（4）under-用于动词前（低于，少于，不足）例如：underdevelop,underestimate,undervalue,underwrite（5）bi-用于形容词、名词前（双，两个）例如：bi-lingual,bicycle,bilateral(6)micro-用于名词前（微型的，小的）例如：microphone,microphotograph,microprint,microsecon
5、d,micromotor(7)dis-disappeardisapprove,（8）anti-anti-tank,anti-war,anti-society（9）pre-/postpreface,postwar（10）re-rearrange,restore（11）ex-exchange,1.2后缀1）名词后缀（1)-er/-or/-ee,-eer,-ist,-ese,-ess,-ant:用于动词后，构成表示人或物的名词例如：manager,teacher,singer,author,calculator,employer,operator,employee,interviewee,engin
6、eer,volunteer,artist,dentist,pianist,scientist,Japanese,actress,waitress,hostess,assistant,applicant,（2)-ment,-ance/ence,-ure,-ation/sion,-al(用于动词后),-ity,-th,-ty,-ness(用于形容词后),-ship(用于名词后)构成表示行为,性质,状态的抽象名词例如：development,equipment,judgment,acceptance,confidence,difference,independence,failure,pressur
7、e,decision,preparation,translation,information,abbreviation,regulationrecommendation,organization,operation,participation,conversation,globalization,innovation,expectation.refusal,arrival,survival,proposal,ability,reality,unity,length,truth,wealth,width,warmth,safety,darkness,kindness,friendship,sch
8、olarship,leadership,membership,hardship,（3)其它名词后缀-age,-ing(用于动词后)例如：courage,storage,marriage,building,learning,writing-dom(用于形容词或名词后)例如：freedom,kingdom,wisdom-hood(用于名词后)例如：childhood,fatherhood,manhood,neighborhood-en(用于表示材料的名词后)例如：wooden,golden,2）形容词后缀（1）-able,-tive,-ent(用于动词后)例如：acceptable，availab
9、le，suitable，drinkable,movable,reasonable,collective,decisive,dependent,consistent（2）-al,-ful,-less,-ish,-ly,-y,-ary(用于名词后)例如：natural,national,additional,powerful,faithful,careful,careless,hopeless,helpless,childish,selfish,friendly,motherly,thirsty,noisy,secondary,imaginary,revolutionary,3）动词后缀-ise/
10、ize,-en,-ify(用于形容词后)例如：realize,modernize,deepen,fasten,sharpen,shorten,widen,beautify,purify,verify,modify(例外：strengthen,lengthen,organize是由名词加后缀构成的),4)副词后缀(1)-ly(用于形容词后)例如：carefully,regularly,terribly(2)-ward(用于名词后)例如：backward,forward,homeward,(3)wise例如：otherwise,likewise,2.转化法在词形不变的情况下，一个单词由一种词性转换
11、成另一种词性。2.1动词转化为名词例如：Letshavealookatthepictures.我们来看一下这些图片。Heusuallygoesoutforawalkaftersupper.他通常晚餐后出去散步。Wehavemadeabigstepouttothespace.我们已经朝太空迈出了一大步。,2.2名词转化为动词许多表示物件，身体部位，某类人及少数抽象名词，可转化为名词。例如：Didyoubookaseatontheplane?您在飞机上订座位了么？Pleasehandmethebook.请把那本书递给我。Youshouldshoulderresponsibilitiesinthis
12、matter.这件事你应该承担责任。MayIaskwhochairsthemeeting?我可以问一下谁主持会议吗？Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她精心照顾她丈夫使他恢复健康。,2.3形容词转化为名词形容词转化为名词一般情况下前面要加the。例如：Theoldinthevillagearelivingahappylife.村里的老人过着幸福生活。Theinjuredweresenttohospitalimmediately.伤员立即被送到了医院。Thericharenotnecessarilyhappierthanthepoor.富人不一定比穷人幸福。Hepr
13、eferredmodernslikeMiroandKlee.他更喜欢Miro和Klee的现代音乐。,3.合成法由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词法称为合成法。合成词之间有的要用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。3.1合成名词名词+名词weekend,boystudent,headache名词+动词daybreak,haircut名词+动名词handwriting,oil-painting名词+及物动词+er/orpain-killer代词+名词she-wolf动词+名词typewriter,bottle-opener,postman动名词+名词reading-room,sleeping-pi
14、ll形容词+名词gentleman,blackboard副词+动词outbreak,3.2合成形容词名词+形容词show-white,duty-free名词+现在分词English-speaking,breathtaking,名词+过去分词man-made,heartfelt数词+名词+edfive-storeyed形容词+名词+ednoble-minded,white-haired,warm-hearted形容词+现在分词good-looking副词+现在分词hard-working副词+过去分词well-known,3.3合成动词名词+动词sleep-walk,air-condition,
15、baby-sit形容词+动词white-wash副词+动词overthrow,mass-produce,4.截短法把词缩短的方法就叫截短法。4.1略去后部例如：examination-exam,mathematics-maths,memorandum-memo,kilogram-kilo,laboratory-lab,advertisement-ad,taxicab-taxi,4.2略去前部例如：aeroplane-plane,telephone-phone4.3略去两头例如：influenza-flu,refrigerator-fridge,prescription-script,5.首字母
16、缩略法5.1按字母读IOC(国际奥委会),IMF(国际货币基金组织),CCTV(中国中央电视台),UN(联合国)5.2作为一个词读NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization北大西洋公约组织)SALT(StrategicArmsLimitationTalks限制战略性武器会谈)OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries石油输出国组织),7.历年同类考题1.Obviously,nuclearpowercanneverbetheonly(solve)_toenergycrisis.(2008.6)2.Nobodyatthemeetingwould(belief)_thatthenewproposalcouldbecarriedoutsmoothly.(2008.6)3.Thelecturewasso(bore)_thatmanyofthestudentsintheclassroom
