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1、DesignofAppropriatelyConstructedFacilitiestoCopeWithGlobalWarming,ByTedBremnerProfessorEmeritus&HonoraryResearchProfessorUniversityofNewBrunswick,Fredericton,NB,CanadaPragueOctober2012,CurrentbestestimatesforecastonlyminorwarmingintheequatorialregionsincludingIndiawhilelargetemperaturerisesarenowocc
2、urringinthepolarregions.,2,NOTE:Indiahasverylowsurfacetemperatureincreasebetween1976and2001.,3,WarmingWorld,4,TherearemanyexamplesofthiswithperhapsthemostseriousintheArcticwheretheorganicrichpermafrostisthawing,andtheirdecaywillcausereleaseofgreenhousegasesthatinturncauseglobalwarming.Ifnotnow,event
3、uallytheprocessbecomesselfsustainingwithoutinputfromus.,6,Toavertdisaster,globalwarmingcausedmainlybygreenhousegasesmustbereducedeverywhereinallpossibleways.Excessivebehaviorofhumansisthemaincausebutfortunatelypeoplecanchangetheirwaysquickly,aswitness:USSRmorphingintoseparatecountries.Reductionofaci
4、drainineasternNorthAmerica.EliminationofDDTinCanadain1957.EliminationofleadingasolineinCanadaandtheUS.Mandatingsustainableforestusageinmostoftheworld.,7,Asproducersofconstructionmaterialswehave:Reducedcarbondioxideemissionfromcementmanufacturebyupto50%byreplacingcementwithflyash,slagandsilicafume.Re
5、cycledmetalswith60%ofsteelbeingmadefromscrap.Perfectedtheartofrecycledasphalt.Throughtheuseofinsulationandgreenroofsreducedtheenergyrequiredforheatingandcoolingbuildings.Developedanaccountingproceduretoevaluatethecarbonfootprintofourconstructedfacilities.,8,Unfortunately,asdesignersofconstructedfaci
6、lities,wehavenotcomeupwithnewdesignconceptsthatreflecttheneedsofaworldunderstress.Thisincludesstrategiestocopewithrisingsealevelsandtoprovideaffordablehousingandeffectivepublictransportation.,9,ACanadiancementcompanyhadthissloganbravelystatedinboldredlettersonthebottomofitscorrespondence,“CONCRETEFO
7、RPERMANENCE”.Inthe1960stheuseofairentrainmentwithahighenoughcementcontentandalowwatercontentwasintendedtoassurecustomersthattheconcretewouldbedurableforeternity.Unfortunatelyalkaliaggregatereaction,delayedettringiteformationandcorrosionofembeddedreinforcementshortlyledtotheremovaloftheslogan.,10,Vei
8、gh,inhisbook“ConceptionoftheTheoryofEnvironmentallyCompatibleStructuresandStructuralMaterials(ECS)”,emphasizestheneedtorethinkhowmostbuildingsareconstructed,andstresseswhatcanbelearnedfromnature.Surfacestructuresratherthanpostandbeamstructuresclearlymakethemosteffectiveuseofournewmaterials.Also,iftr
9、endsinthecostofenergycontinue,thensolutionstoglobalwarmingproblemswillneedmorecomplexstructures.,11,ThefirststepistorealizethataffordabilityisofprimeconcerntoavoidaU.S.housingcrisistypeproblem.Recentadvancesintheuseoffoamandcellularconcreteindicatethatthisrelativelymaturetechnologycanbeusedforlow-co
10、sthousing,althoughitisconsiderablyunderutilizedatthepresenttime.,12,Theterm“EnvironmentallyCompatibleStructures”encompassesboththeriskfromthematerialsandtheriskposedbythestructureitself.Inthecaseofmaterialsthereisawell-developedunderstandingoftheneedtoguardagainsttheuseofhazardousmaterialssuchasasbe
11、stos,arsenicandmercuryfromthecombustionofcoal.Lesswellappreciatedarethehazardsassociatedwiththeshortandlongtermeffectsofeffluentscreatedbytheminingindustry.,13,Inplaceswhererisingsealevelsandstormsurgesarelikelytooccur,retreatinginanorderlymannerseemstheonlypracticalapproach.AreportpreparedfortheCan
12、adianDepartmentoftheEnvironmentbytheRoundTableonClimateChange(ReportNo,4)indicatesastrongpreferenceforthisapproach(6).Thisstudyfoundthatbuildingdykestoholdbacktheseawashighlyuneconomicalandtotallyimpractical,ifnotimpossible,inmanythreatenedsites.,14,Inthepasttwodecadesthetypeofconstructedfacilitiesn
13、eededbythemilitaryhaschangedsomewhataswegofrommulti-nationalwarstonationalwars.AnexampleofrecyclingmilitarydiscardsisinMoscowwhereanabandonedinter-continentalmissilesilobecamethefoundationforaverylargevibratingtableforresearchonearthquakeresistanceofhigh-risebuildings,butthisisstillanexception.,15,I
14、nbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesthereisaneedtorecognizethefragilityofthesituation.Inthedevelopingworld,changesneedtobemadetoalleviatefinancialcrisesthatinevitablymustresultinmoreeconomicalandmoreappropriatehousingandpublicfacilities.InNorthAmericaandinmostofthedevelopedworldwehavebuiltextravagan
15、tly,andnowsmallerandmoremodesthousingisnecessary.,16,Theleveloffundingneededtosolvetheproblemsassociatedwithglobalwarmingonagovernment,industrialandindividualbasisislikelytobeunavailable.Thoseofusinvolvedinprovidingsolutionsmustmanagetodobusinessinacost-consciousandmorestressedworld,whileatthesameti
16、meproducingmoreappropriateconstructedfacilities.,17,SettingNationalLimits,KyotoProtocol(2008)MostNationscommittolimitsongreenhousegasemissions.DurbanNegotiations(2011)ChinaandIndiacanavoidanylegallimitsontheirfast-risingcarbonemissions.EuropeanCountriesmakeprogressbutUSAandCanadarenig.?Protocol(2015)Negotiationofrulesforgreenhousegasemissions.?(2020)Negotiatedruleswillcomeintoeffect.GlobalWarming(2030)willhaveexceededthetippingpointformaintainingasustainablePlanet.,18,19,Solution,Itisapparen
