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1、国际自然资源管理论文-国际水资源管理策略Abstract :Water Resources Management is an international, multidisciplinary forum for publication of original contributions and the exchange of knowledge and experience on the management of water resources. In particular, the journal publishes contributions on water resources ass
2、essment, development, conservation and control, emphasizing policies and strategies. Contributions examine planning and design of water resource systems, and operation, maintenance and administration of water resource systems. Key words:water resource managment ,issues,stratsgies.There is a water cr
3、isis today.But the crisis is not only about having little water to satisfy.It is a crisis of managing water resources.Water resource managment issues and strategies are what will be discussed in the following context.1. Water resources are becoming scarce1.1 Agricultural crisisAlthough food security
4、 has been significantly increased in the past thirty years, water withdrawals for irrigation represent 66 % of the total withdrawals and up to 90 % in arid regions, the other 34 % being used by domestic households (10 %), industry (20 %), or evaporated from reservoirs (4 %). (Source: Shiklomanov, 19
5、99)As the per capita use increases due to changes in lifestyle and as population increases as well, the proportion of water for human use is increasing. This, coupled with spatial and temporal variations in water availability, means that the water to produce food for human consumption, industrial pr
6、ocesses and all the other uses is becoming scarce.1.2 Environmental crisisIt is all the more critical that increased water use by humans does not only reduce the amount of water available for industrial and agricultural development but has a profound effect on aquatic ecosystems and their dependent
7、species. Environmental balances are disturbed and cannot play their regulating role anymore. Water stress results from an imbalance between water use and water resources.Water stress causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and
8、quality (eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.) The value of this criticality ratio that indicates high water stress is based on expert judgment and experience . It ranges between 20 % for basins with highly variable runoff and 60 % for temperate zone basins. In this map,
9、we take an overall value of 40 % to indicate high water stress. We see that the situation is heterogeneous over the world.1.3 An increase in tensionsAs the resource is becoming scarce, tensions among different users may intensify, both at the national and international level. Over 260 river basins a
10、re shared by two or more countries. In the absence of strong institutions and agreements, changes within a basin can lead to transboundary tensions. When major projects proceed without regional collaboration, they can become a point of conflicts, heightening regional instability. The Parana La Plata
11、, the Aral Sea, the Jordan and the Danube may serve as examples. Due to the pressure on the Aral Sea, half of its superficy has disappeared, representing 2/3 of its volume. 36 000 km2 of marin grounds are now recovered by salt.2. The main challengesWhile growing populations and increasing water requ
12、irements are a certainty, a big uncertainty is how climates will change and how they will be affected by mans activities like increasing emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, particulate matter, etc. There still is no agreement among scientists how and when the climate will change, and what c
13、hanges will occur where. The main conclusion so far seems to be that climate changes (natural and anthropogenic) are likely, that they are essentially unpredictable on a local scale, and that, therefore, water resources management should be flexible so as to be able to cope with changes in availabil
14、ity and demands for water .This calls for integrated water management where all pertinent factors are considered in the decision making process. Such a holistic approach requires not only supply management, but also demand management (water conservation, transfer of water to uses with higher economi
15、c returns, etc.), water quality management, recycling and reuse of water, economics, conflict resolution, public involvement, public health, environmental and ecological aspects, socio-cultural aspects, water storage (including long-term storage or water banking), conjunctive use of surface water an
16、d groundwater, water pollution control, flexibility, regional approaches, weather modification, sustainability, etc. Agricultural water management increasingly must be integrated with other water management and environmental objectives. The main issues discussed in this paper are global water outlook, underground storage of water through artificial recharge, water reuse, non-point source pollution of groundwater, and virtual water.3.Strategies to impove th
