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1、非谓语动词（Non-Finite Verb）在英语中，不是用于句子谓语而是用于担任其他语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词，也称作动词的非限定形式。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式（the Infinitive），分词（the Participle）和动名词（the Gerund）。不定式I. 构成与形式： 不定式由不定式符号“to”动词原形(do)构成（有时不带to）。前面可以加某些疑问代词，如what、who、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成特殊的不定式短语，如what to do next, how to get there等。不定式的形式有：主动形式被动形式一
2、般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have been doingII.用法： 不定式不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，而且还保留着动词的特征，因而可以有状语修饰，如果是及物动词，还可以带宾语，从而构成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。1. 作主语（表示具体的或某次特定的动作；也常借助it 作形式主语）To make a plan for our future is important.How t
3、o get enough capital is still a question.It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.2. 作表语(说明主语的内容或性质或表示按计划要做的事情)The important thing is to save lives.My wish is to become a scientist.He is to marry Rose.3. 作宾语（表示具体的或某次特定的或将来的动作；也常借助it 作形式宾语）I like to go for a walk in the warm s
4、unshine.He wants to see me this morning.We find it difficult to learn English well.常用不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, want, like, ask, wish, hate, hope, decide, fail, intend, manage, promise, forget, plan, need, mean, pretend, choose, remember, care, continue, require 等。4. 作定语(含有“将来”的意味，多数与所修饰的词有动宾关系)She usually h
5、as a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.He was always the first to come and the last to leave.There are some things to be grateful for.5. 作状语（1，作目的状语相当于用in order (not) to,so as (not) to引导的目的状语.；2，作结果状语，常用enough to , only to, never to, so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词 as to do引导；3，作原因状语，常放在表示心理感
6、觉的形容词后）She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.I am happy to see you.6. 作主语补足语It is reported to be true.The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance.7. 作宾语补足语（作宾补的不定式与宾语有主谓关系。表示该不定式动作要发生或其全过程已经结束；强调动作将发生或已完成）P
7、lease remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.They didnt allow her to park the car in this street.注意1：有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to。这种动词有两类：一类是感官动词，如 feel, see, hear, watch, notice等；另一类是使役动词，如make, let, have等。如：Did you notice him leave the house?They made the boy go to bed early.III. 时态与语态1完成式(表示不定式动词发生的动作
8、先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作)I am sorry to have kept you waiting.To have known her is an honor.seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known,be reported等动词常用于上面句型.此外,glad, happy, satisfied, sorry, surprised, disappointed后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别.Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起,请稍等.(
9、说话时还未等)Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,让你久等了.(说话时已等了很久)2. 进行式They seem to be getting along quite well.He pretended to be listening attentively.3. 完成进行式John is said to have been studying for a whole morning.4. 被动式I wish to be excused.He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity.不定
10、式运用口诀本领最多不定式,主,表,宾,补,定和状.样样成分都能干,只有谓语它不敢.大家千万要当心,有时它把句型改,作主宾时用it, 自己在后把身藏.七个感官三使役, 宾补要把to甩开;疑问词后接上它,宾语从句可充当;逻辑主语不定式,不定式前for sb. ;to前not是否定, 各种用法区别开.不定式在七个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch,find, notice, listen to, 三个使役动词let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略分词I. 构成与形式：分词有两种形式，即现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past partic
11、iple）。除不规则动词外，现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成；过去分词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。二者的区别主要是：现在分词表示主动意义，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，已经完成了的动作。如：burning forest燃烧着的森林（主动，即森林自己在燃烧）burned skin烧伤了的皮肤（被动，即皮肤被火烧伤）developing countries发展中国家（这些国家正在发展）developed countries发达国家（这些国家已经得到了发展）特别提示1：现在分词和过去分词的三大特点：现在分词：主动，进行，与物有关；过去分词：被动，完成，与人有关。现在分词的形式有：主动形式
12、被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词因为本身就表示被动与完成的意义，所以只有一种形式done。II.用法：分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作定语、表语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。1. 作定语Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.I like the boy called Bob.2. 作表语The story of his life sounds interesting.He appeared satisfied with our perfo
13、rmance.3. 作状语( 1, 现在分词可在句中作时间,原因,伴随,条件,结果等状语.V-ing 形式作状语,可表时间,原因,方式,结果,条件,让步,伴随或陪衬等含义, 相当于一个对应的状语从句所表达的意思. 2, 过去分词作状语,相当于一个状语从句,用来说明原因,时间,条件等.)Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Given better attention, the trees could grow better.注意2: 分词短语作状语时,通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构
14、.如:Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.4. 作主语补足语The machine will be kept running for two days.Our views have to be made known to them all.5.作宾语补足语1) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等 2) 在复合宾语中,用
15、现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系.I heard someone knocking at the door.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.比较1：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等动词后既可以接不带to的不定式也可以接现在分词作宾语补足语，但二者在意义上是不同的。现在分词表示动作在进行，即非全过程；不定式表示动作的完成，即全过程。如：She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往车上爬)She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已经爬上了车)III. 现在分词的时态与语态1. 完成式 (与谓语动词同时发生,用一般时,如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done.)Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.
