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1、1001PersonsThemonlawthinksonlyofpersons(whethernaturalorartificial)asbearersofrightsandduties.Itcannotforexamplelookuponlandoranidolorananimal,viewedassuch,ashavingrightsorduties.Africancustomarylawwouldhavenodifficultywiththefirstconcept,asHindulawwouldhavenodifficultywiththesecondorBuddhistlawwith
2、thethird.Incaseswheretheconfermentofsuchrightsortheimpositionofsuchdutiesisnecessary,Westernsystemstendthereforetoresorttothefictionofinvestingsuchentitywithanartificiallegalpersonality.Oncethenon-humanentityisthusinvestedwithpersonality,thereisnodifficultyinspeakingofitashavingrightsandduties.ThePr
3、ivyCouncilhearinganappealfromIndia,hadnodifficultyindoingjustthisinthecaseofaHinduidol,whichhadtraditionallyheldpropertyinitsownrightinHindulaw.-1002TheconceptofartificialpersonalityhavingthusbeeninventedinWesternlaw,itcametobeappliedtoavarietyofentitiesbothhumanandnon-human.-Forexampleagroupofperso
4、nstradingtogethercouldbytheprocessofincorporationentitlethemselvestoafurtherpersonalityinadditiontothevariousnaturalpersonalitiespossessedbythemintheirownright.Thisartificialcollectivepersonalitycouldholdproperty,makecontracts,andsueandbesuedineveryrespectasifitwereanaturalperson.Incorporationinthis
5、fashionwouldoccurthroughtheactionofthestate-acharterofincorporationfromthesovereign,orincorporationundersomestatutesuchastheCompaniesActs.-Evensingleindividualssuchasanarchbishop,minister,orheadofagovernmentdepartmentmightbegivensuchastatusandpersonalityoverandabovethepersonalitytheymightenjoyasnatu
6、ralhumanbeings.Therewouldthenbetwolegalpersonalities-1003attachingtothesamehumanbeing-bothofwhichneededtobekeptdistinctintheirdealings.Thedeviceofartificialpersonalityhashelpedgreatlyinthedevelopmentofmerce,foritbecamepossiblebythisdevicetokeepthepropertyofparticipantmembersofatradingventureseparate
7、fromthatofthetradingventureitself.Thefailureofthelatterwouldnottheninvolvethebankruptcyofitsindividualmembers,anditbecamepossiblefortheseventurestoindulgeinmercialoperationsonaconsiderablescale.ThephenomenalsuccessofWesternmercesincethedaysofcolonialexpansionowesagreatdealtothisconcept.TheEastIndiaC
8、ompany,createdbyroyalcharter,becamepracticallyagovernmentinitsownrightadministeringterritoriesgreaterinextentthanGreatBritainherself.Thefictionofpersonalityismaintainedforsuchinstitutionsbygivingthemacorporatesealwhichoperatesastheirsignature.1004Certainformalitiesneedtobeobservedregardingtheaffixin
9、gofthisseal.Onceaffixedinthemannerstipulated,adocumentisbindinguponthecorporationinthesamemannerasapersonwouldbeboundbyhissigneddocument.However,withcorporations,everyActinordertobevalidmustbewithinitspowersasspecifiedinitsdocumentofincorporation.AnyActtravellingbeyondthescopethussetforthecorporationsactivitieswouldbeinvalid,andnotbindingonthecorporation.Tobedistinguishedfromgroupingsinvolvingartificia
