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1、,University of Oxford,Group eight,University of Oxford,Oxford is a unique and historic institution. As the oldest English-speaking university in the world, it lays claim to eight centuries of continuous existence. There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1
2、096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.,In 1188, the historian, Gerald of Wales, gave a public reading to the assembled Oxford dons and in 1190 the arrival of Emo of Friesland, the first known overseas student, initiated the
3、Universitys tradition of international scholarship. By 1201, the University was headed by a magister scolarum Oxonie, on whom the title of Chancellor was conferred in 1214, and in 1231 the masters were recognized as a uniuersitas or corporation.,In the 13th century, rioting between town and gown (st
4、udents and townspeople) hastened the establishment of primitive halls of residence. These were succeeded by the first of Oxfords colleges or endowed houses whose architectural splendour, together with the Universitys libraries and museums, give the city its unique character. University, Balliol and
5、Merton Colleges, established between 1249 and 1264, were the oldest.,Less than a century later, Oxford had achieved eminence above every other seat of learning, and won the praises of popes, kings and sages by virtue of its antiquity, curriculum, doctrine and privileges. In 1355, Edward III paid tri
6、bute to the University for its invaluable contribution to learning; he also commented on the services rendered to the state by distinguished Oxford graduates.,Oxford early on became a centre for lively controversy, with scholars involved in religious and political disputes. John Wyclif, a 14th-centu
7、ry Master of Balliol, campaigned for a bible in the vernacular, against the wishes of the papacy. In 1530, Henry VIII forced the University to accept his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. During the Reformation in the 16th century, the Anglican churchmen Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley were tried for he
8、resy and burnt at the stake in Oxford. The University was Royalist in the Civil War, and Charles I held a counter-Parliament in Convocation House.,In the late 17th century, the Oxford philosopher John Locke, suspected of treason, was forced to flee the country. The 18th century, when Oxford was said
9、 to have forsaken port for politics, was also an era of scientific discovery and religious revival. Edmund Halley, Professor of Geometry, predicted the return of the comet that bears his name; John and Charles Wesleys prayer meetings laid the foundations of the Methodist Society.,The University assu
10、med a leading role in the Victorian era. The Oxford Movement, led by John Henry Newman, broke from the Anglican Church in the 1840s. Twenty years later, the new University Museum was the site of a famous debate between Thomas Huxley, the champion of evolution, and Bishop Wilberforce.,From 1878, acad
11、emic halls were established for women, who became members of the University in 1920. Since 1974, all but one of Oxfords 39 colleges have changed their statutes to admit both men and women. St Hildas remains the only womens college.,In the years since the war, Oxford has added to its humanistic core
12、a major new research capacity in the natural and applied sciences, including medicine. In so doing, it has enhanced and strengthened its traditional role as a focus for learning and a forum for intellectual debate.,Students The University of Oxfords total student population numbers just over 16,100
13、(students in residence, 1998-9). Almost a quarter of these students are from overseas, including the countries of the European Union. More than 130 nationalities are represented among our student body. Almost 5,000 students are engaged in postgraduate work. Of these, around 3,000 are working in the
14、arts and humanities.,Staff Oxfords current academic community includes 76 Fellows of the Royal Society and 105 Fellows of the British Academy. A further 97 Emeritus and Honorary College Fellows are also Fellows of the British Academy, and 142 Emeritus and Honorary College Fellows are Fellows of the
15、Royal Society.,king 爱德华七世 (Christ Church) 爱德华八世 (Magdalen) 约旦国王阿卜杜拉二世 挪威国王哈拉尔五世 (Balliol) 挪威国王奥拉夫五世 马来西亚最高元首艾哈迈德沙阿 (Worcester) 马来西亚最高元首端古阿卜杜勒哈利姆 (Wadham) 马来西亚最高元首端古加法尔伊卜尼 (Balliol) 泰国国王拉玛六世 荷兰国王威廉二世 东加国王乔治图普五世 British prime minister 大卫卡梅伦 2010- （David Cameron） 托尼布莱尔 1997-2007 (St Johns) 玛格利特撒切尔 - 19
16、79-1990 (Somerville) 哈罗德威尔逊 1964-1970, 1974-1976 (Jesus) 爱德华希思 1970-1974 (Balliol) 亚历克道格拉斯-休姆 1963-1964 (Christ Church) 哈罗德麦克米兰 1957-1963 (Balliol) 安东尼艾登 1955-1957 (Christ Church) 克莱门特艾德礼 1945-1951 (University) 威廉尤尔特格莱斯顿 四度任英国首相 (Christ Church) 乔治格伦维尔 1763-1765 (Christ Church) President and prime minister 比尔克林顿 前美国总统(University) 莱斯特皮尔逊 前加拿大总理 1963-1968 约翰马尔科姆弗雷泽 前澳大利亚总理 1975-1983 英迪拉甘地 前印度总理 (Somervill
