《中英文---温度、湿度和剪口龄期对腐烂病菌和轮纹病菌自剪锯口侵染和发病的影响-副本.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中英文---温度、湿度和剪口龄期对腐烂病菌和轮纹病菌自剪锯口侵染和发病的影响-副本.docx（26页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、温度、湿度和剪口龄期对腐烂病菌和轮纹病菌自剪锯口侵染和发病的影响Effect of temperature, wetness and age of pruning wounds on Valsa mali and Botryosphaeria dothidea infection from pruning woundsAbstract：The effect of Valsa mali var. mali(Vmm) and Botryosphaeria dothidea infection from pruning wounds was investigated by temperature,
2、wetness and age of pruning wounds. Temperature and wetness have no significant effect on Valsa mali and Botryosphaeria dothidea infection from pruning wounds, but the extended distance of Valsa pathogen has visible difference in inoculated xylem at different temperature. Most long-distance of inocul
3、ated pathogen isolated at twig segments was 5cm away from the inoculated end. The inoculated pruning wounds by Valsa mali show no symptom during that time, but show gradually from March in the second year. Flesh pruning wounds have no resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea infection without wetness a
4、nd the occurrence of inoculated pruning wounds was 100%. So flesh pruning wounds can be infected when spores of Valsa mali and Botryosphaeria dothidea spread into with rain water in the spring.Keywords: age of pruning wounds, temperature, wetness, extended distanceIntroductionValsa canker (Valsa mal
5、i Miyabe & Yamada)and ring rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. 1863 ) are two major destructive branch diseases of apple trees in China. Cankers mainly hazards the trunks and boughs, causing cortices rot, and then brings about the death of twigs, trees or the entire orchard afterward
6、s. The cankers impedes apple production and reduces apple quality，seriously limits the development of fruit industry. So the canker is the most destructive disease on the apple trees in China. During in 2008, the occurrence of canker of apple was investigated in 147 orchards located in ten apple-pro
7、ducing regions in China. The results obtained showed that the incidence of diseased trees in general was about 52.7%.(曹克强 et al., 2009). In China, apple cankers have emerged four times epidemic by large scale and almost destructed all of apple orchards since 1950s. Apple ring rot mainly harms saplin
8、gs, and scaffold limbs, leading many tuberculate tumours forming. A large number of tumours get together to form wart bark. The tumour and rough bark seriously weaken the tree vigour. When the branches suffer moisture stress and under extreme weakness, the pathogen of Botryosphaeria dothidea rapidly
9、 expend in cortical tissue, forming cortical necrosis, systems of dry rot, resulting in the death of shoots and saplings. During in 2008, the incidence of Botryosphaeria canker of apple were investigated in 88 orchards located in major apple production areas in China. The investigation showed that t
10、he incidence of this disease in general was about 77.6%.;whereas, in some regions, the rate of diseased plants was almost 100%, especially in Shandong, Henan and Beijing (国立耘 et al., 2009). Botryosphaeria dothidea is not just infect stems and also lead a large number of pycnidia to appear on the sur
11、face of infected branches. A large number of spore spreeding with the rain can infect apple fruits and form the system of verticil-veined ,resulting in fruits rot. The incidence of fruit ring rot was 5%30% on unbagged fruits, and even 80% in serious case.中国苹果树上的两种重要枝干病害。腐烂病主要危害主干、主枝，导致皮层腐烂，造成死枝、死树，重
12、者毁园，在中国是苹果树上的第一大病害，严重威胁苹果产业的发展。2008年调查，中国10个苹果主产省市的147个果园内，苹果树的总体发病率为52.7% (曹克强 et al., 2009)。腐烂病在中国已出现四次大的流行，几乎毁灭了自50年代以来新建的苹果园。轮纹病主要危害幼树、侧枝，在枝干上形成疣状突起，称为病瘤，大量病瘤聚集在一起形成粗皮，病瘤和粗皮严重削弱树势。当枝条受水份胁迫或极度衰弱时，轮纹病菌在皮层内迅速扩展，导致皮层坏死，形成干腐症状，导致幼树和枝条枯死。2008年调查，中国7个苹果主产省市的88个果园内，枝干轮纹病的总体发病率为77.6%，其中山东、河南和北京的危害相对较重，病株
13、率几乎为100%(国立耘 et al., 2009)。除危害枝干外，轮纹病菌在枝干上还能产生大量孢子，随雨水传播侵染果实，形成轮纹症状，造成果实腐烂。在非套袋的果实上，果实轮纹病的发病率达5%30%，病重年份达80%。Apple valsa canker was the first occurrence in Hokkaido of Japan, after spreading into mainland of Japan and Korea in succession. In 1916, valsa canker was introduced following with the intro
14、duction of apple. The occurrence of the disease was more severe in Xiongyue in Liaoning province（Sakuma 1990; Uhm and Sohn 1995).So far, valsa canker mainly occurred in eastern Asia and also in every apple-producing regions in China其中北部省区受害严重.There were three species of Valsa can caused this disease
15、. They are repectively V. mali，V. malicola Z. Urb and V. persoonii（= Leucostompersoonii）. The causal agent, V. mali Miyabe et Yamada, can be also divided into two varieties below the rank of species level, V. mali var. mali (Vmm) and V. mali var. pyri (Vmp). The variety of V. mali var. mali was the
16、predominant pathogen of apple tree valsa canker in China(臧睿, 2012, Wang et al., 2011).苹果树腐烂病于1887年首先在日本的北海道发生，后陆续传入日本本岛和朝鲜。1916随苹果引种引入中国，19世纪20年代辽宁熊岳一带受害较重（Sakuma 1990; Uhm and Sohn 1995)。目前主要分布于东亚地区，中国各苹果产区均有发生，其中北部省区受害严重。中国苹果树腐烂病菌由三个种组成，即 V. mali，V. malicola Z. Urb 和 V. persoonii（= Leucostompersoonii）。V. mali有V. mali var. mali (Vmm)和 V. mali var. pyri (Vmp)两个亚种，其中Vmm是导致中国苹果腐烂病的主要致病菌(臧睿, 2012, Wang et al., 2011)。Vmm is usually considered as weakly
